Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

The Shore - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Vertebrata lanosa (Wrack siphon weed)
        
        Reddish brown filamentous algae that looks like pom poms
      - Osmundea pinnatifida (Pepper dulse)
        
        Small red seaweed, ~8cm, tough with flattened fronds, alternative branching that get shorted and eventually become rounded, colour can be reddish brown or yellow-green
      - Ceramium virgatum (A red seaweed)
        
        Deep clear red, 3cm irregularly dichotomous fronds with lateral branches, axes 0.5-1mm, apices straight of forcipate (forceps shaped)
      - Mastocarpus stellatus (False Irish moss)
        
        17cm long, channelled fronds with thickened edges from narrow stipe, disc like holdfast, dark red/ purplish
      - Lomentaria articulata (Bunny-eared bead-weed)
        
        10cm, dark brown-red, thallus segmented into sausages, tips bleached pink/ orange
      - Corallina officinalis (Coral weed)
        
        Stiff, articulate, coarse fronds, purple/ red/ pink, branching opposite (pinnate), disc-shaped holdfast, urn shaped reproductive organs
      - Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt)
        
        Thin red crust that grows on rocks
      - Chondrus crispus (Carrageen)
        
        Disc like holdfast, fronds erect in tufts, unbranched stipe expanding into a fan-like blade, fronds repeatedly dichotomous with round axils usually expanding but occasionally tapering towards rounded apices
  - - - Ulva lactuca (Sea lettuce)
        
        30cm, broad crumpled tough translucent membranous frond, disc like holdfast, green
      - Codium fragile (Green sea fingers)
        
        Green, spongey texture, dichotomous branching, the cellular tips (utricles) are leaf-shaped (mucronate)
      - Ulva intestinalis (Gut weed)
        
        Simple fronds, small discoid (disc shaped) base, green, tubular (tube-like) and elongate thallus, usually unbranched
      - Cladophora rupestris (Common green branched weed)
        
        15-20cm, dark green-blue, course rope-like texture, erect (straight/ slightly curved) fronds due to basal plate of rhizoids, uniseriate (single row of cells) thallus made from highly branched filament
  - - - Pelvetia canaliculata (Channelled wrack)
        
        Curled frond, no midrib or air bladders, reproductive bodies at the end of branches, dichotomously branched
      - Sargassum muticum (Wireweed)
        
        Fronds 1m< , olive brown, regular alternating branches, flattened oval blades and spherical gas bladders along branches
      - Fucus vesiculosus (Bladder wrack)
        
        Frond with prominent midrib and spherical air bladders, smooth frond margin, dichotomously branched
      - Ascophyllum nodosum (Knotted wrack)
        
        Narrow frond, no midrib, large egg-shaped air bladders at intervals along middle of the frond, reproductive bodies rounded on short stalks, dichotomously branched
      - Fucus serratus (Toothed wrack)
        
        Flat, straplike frond with sharp forward pointing serrations and a well developed mid-rib and numerous pin pricks with clusters of tiny white hairs, no air bladders
      - Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame)
        
        Branched holdfast, wavy stipe, blade lanceolate (narrow gets a bit wider then narrows), broad with midrib, 1.5-2m long, dark brown frond
      - Fucus spiralis (Spiral wrack)
        
        Frond with smooth margin, prominent midrib, no air bladders, usually twisted frond, round reproductive bodies at ends of branches which are round and surrounded by a rim of frond
      - Himanthalia elongata (Thongweed)
        
        Button-like thallus, short stipe (3cm), strap-like reproductive bodies are produced from the centre of the button which are dichotomously branched, 2m long
      - Saccharina latissima (Sugar kelp)
        
        Long, wrinkled, undivided frond with way margins, no midrib, small branching holdfast, yellow-brown, 4m long
      - Laminaria digitata (Oarweed)
        
        Broad frond, no midrib, flexible, smooth stipe with oval cross section, holdfast freely branched and spread out to form a dome
- - - - The part of the snail that touches the floor is the foot
      - The shell is on the outer part of the snail and has whorls (the blurred word at the top far left of the image)
      - You can't see the mantle but it's the layer under the shell - look at the features bit
      - There are sometimes tentacles
    - - The hole is the aperture and it has an outer lip (lines the aperture especially on the right in this case), the siphonal canal is the part at the bottom where there's no lip (the base is at the end of the siphonal canal right at the bottom of the shell), the lip on the left is the columellar region and as it goes into the aperture and doesn't "contain it" it's the inner lip
        
        Anal sinus - at the point of the aperture where there's a line
        
        Umbilicus isn't in the diagram but would be a hole/crevasse where the left lip would curl outwards leaving a small gap between the top of the lip and the body whorl (it's bellybutton-like)
        
        Operculum (not in diagram) is a bit of shell attached to the columellar region that acts as a trapdoor - not all snails have this
        
        There can be a bump on the aperture lining this is a tooth
      - Apex is the small cone or hemisphere shape at the top of the shell
      - The spire is under the apex and has multiple whorls (in this image ~3 whorls under the apex)
        
        Suture is the part of shell that goes inwards in between whorls
        
        There are horizontal lines on the whorls called spiral striae (not in image)
        
        Ribs aren't in the diagram but they are vertical lines on whorls and they vary in size and angle
      - Body whorl isn't part of the spine, it's below the spine, its the massive whorl that makes up ~ half the shell in the image
    - - The top bump in the middle is the umbo
      - The dent on the right part is the posterior muscle scar and the dent on the left part is the anterior adductor muscle scar (in red)
      - The line that forms the backwards C and is attached to the anterior adductor scar is the pallial line (in blue)
      - The right outer lining of the bivalve is the posterior margin, the left outer lining is the anterior margin and the bottom outer lining is the ventral margin
      - The area below the posterior muscle scar is the pallial sinus (in black)
      - Chondrophore is a dent under the umbo in green it sometimes can stick out and it can sometimes have a cardinal tooth within it
      - There can be lateral teeth on the top outer lining of the bivalve eg one on either side of the umbo
      - Sometimes there are projecting "ears" (the top two triangles)
      - To distinguish right from left valves requires discerning the anterior and posterior margins. Once established if the shell is held with the hinge margin uppermost and the posterior and anterior in the same plane as the observer then the right and left valves will be in the right and left hands of the observer.
    - - Polygyrous
      - Concentric
      - Oligyrous
      - Eccentric
      - Dextral = clockwise and sinistral = anti-clockwise
  - - - Grey top shell
        
        Blunt grey/ light yellow with red/brown stripes 1.5cm high and 1.7 across shell with 5-6 whorls and an oval shaped umbilicus
    - - 6 whorls, one of which a large body whorl with 11-14 spiral ridges, short pointed spire, open short siphonal canal, thick toothed outer lip in fully grown species
        
        Dog whelk
    - - 1.6cm high, 2.2cm across, large round umbilicus, dullish green/ grey with red/ purple diagonal stripes
        
        Flat top shell
    - - Glossy oval shell with marked ridges, shell up to 12 mm by 8mm, long narrow aperture, reddish brown with dark brown spots, white underside
        
        Without the three spots it's trivia artica
        
        Spotted cowrie
    - - Pronounced tooth on aperture, has up to 6 whorls, dark green, grey, black or brown with red zig zags, pearly white underside
        
        Thick top shell
    - - Thick trough shell
        
        Sub triangular shape, concentric spiral, 3 short fused cardinal teeth on left valve, the right has two cardinal teeth, ridged/ serrated lateral teeth (single elongate posterior and anterior on the left valve and paired anterior and posterior on the right valve) and solid umbos
    - - 1.5cm, body whorl a tad larger than aperture, flat topped, minimal spire, colour varies, olive green, yellow, orange, brown etc
        
        Common flat periwinkle
    - - Common cockle
        
        Solid rounded shell with beaks and 22-28 radiating ribs, grooves on inner surface of shell running from margin edge to the pallial line, notched/ crenulate margin, 2 adductor muscle scars, pallial line with no sinus, right valve has 2 anterior, 2 lateral and 2 cardinal teeth, left valve has one anterior lateral, one posterior lateral and 2 cardinals
    - - Common periwinkle
        
        5-6 whorls, shallow sutures, prominent spire, smooth brown/ black shell, outer lip tangential to body whorl, thick inner lip, columella white
    - - Sand gaper
        
        Posterior gape, round, oval elongate shell, deep pallial sinus that doesn't merge (isn't confluent) with the pallial line, long thin anterior adductor scar, short fat posterior adductor scar, no teeth
- - - - Salinity gradients are caused by the mixing of seawater and freshwater, they are dependant on tides, freshwater flow and wave conditions, gradients alter a lot in space and time, tide pools can be hypersaline due to evaporation or hyposaline if it rains
      - Wetness/ dryness gradient - not created by tide, it's where the land reaches sea level and is amplified by the wind, waves and tides, because of the upper limit are distributed by how much environmental stress they can handle while lower limit is on predation and competition
      - Waves exposure gradient - waves are generated by wind, the more fetch the more exposure to wave action, the force when waves hit depends on the height of the wave and the gradient of the shore eg waves dissipate on flat sands but not cliffs
- - - - Cephalocarida (Horseshoe shrimp)
      - Copepoda
      - Ostracoda (seed shrimp)
      - Remipedia
      - Ichthyostraca (subclasses of branchiura and pentastomida) (mainly parasitic)
      - Branchiopoda (brine shrimp, triops etc)
      - Tantulocarida (mainly parasitic)
      - Thecostraca (barnacles and plankton that can become parasitic), the parts that wave from the barnacle are cirri and the actual hard bit is a shell
      - Mystacocarida
      - Malacostraca (crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimp etc) Orders ->
        
        Stomatopoda (Mantis shrimps)
        
        Aeschronectida (extinct)
        
        Phyllocarida (Sea fleas)
        
        Palaeostomatopoda
        
        Bathynellacea
        
        Anaspidacea
        
        Amphionides
        
        Decapoda (crabs, crayfish, lobster, prawn, shrimp)
        
        Euphausiacea (krill)
        
        Peracarida (amphipods, isopods and mysids)
  - - - The pointy green bit (far left) is the telson
      - The two green parts sticking out at the end of the specimen are uropods
      - The yellow part is the abdomen, its in sections called pleomeres and the parts sticking off on the underside called pleopods
      - The thorax is purple with segments called a pereon, there's a layer on top called the carapace, the blue legs are called thoracopods
      - The red part is the head, working from top to bottom, the top left is the rostrum which in this case is sticking over the eye (there's teeth if there are spikes on the rostrum), below the eye is the 1st antenna (looks like a tuning fork), below that is a part that splits into a short thick part (antennal scale) and a long thinner part (2nd antenna) on the underside of the head there's a mandible (seen in diagram), what isn't seen in the diagram is the maxilla, there are two and they are a bit shorter than the mandible and is under the head in between the mandible and the thoracopods
    - - Small thin antennae in the middle sticking out the head, maxillipeds are at the two orangey parts that are above the legs
      - Chela are the claws and cheliped is the whole "arm"/ "leg" that has the "claws"
      - Uropods in this case are at the ends of the tail fan on each side
    - - https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.washington.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Ffishimages%2Fid%2F43721%2F&psig=AOvVaw0Dox9N5d8om63gKBhaT-IY&ust=1743166094594000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCIiDsYymqowDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
        
        The claw arm counts as pereopod 1, the claw has a movable finger and an immovable finger which is fused with the chela, there's an attachment like an "elbow" that is the cheliped and that is attached to the "upper arm" the merus
        
        The carapace is the outside back bit on the back of the crab it's in the right image the whole back of the crab with the >--< (central groove) on it
      - The leg of the crab is in segments which I'm going to list from the outside inside, the pointy end bit is the dactylus, then the propodus, carpus, merus, basichium and then the coxa (the coxa can be seen better on the underside)
      - 3rd Maxillipeds are the two parts that cover the mouth
      - Abdominal segment is the part at the back of the carapace
      - The lowest leg is the swimming leg
    - - Amphipods are separated into cephalothorax (head), pereon (back), pleon (lower back) and urosome, the pleon and urosome make up the abdomen and in front of the pereopods are 2 gnathopods, a maxilliped (small tube coming off) and then a mandibular palp, pleopods come off the pleon and are after the pereopods, the telson is a bit that sticks off the uropods
  - - - Carapace strongly convex longitudinally, pincers narrow and coarsely toothed, margins of propodus and dactylus are covered with bristles and is usually dark coloured along its inside edge
    - - 5-10 mm diameter, symetrical, 4 calcified wall plates, low conical body shape with diamond shaped opercular aperture
    - - 65mm body, carapace 35mm, chestnut brown with green tint and red tipped spines, broad, dorso-ventrally flattened, short broad triangular rostrum 4 spines each side, first pereopods are 1.5x longer than body, chelae developed and covered in scales
    - - Body twice as long as broad, dorso-ventrally flattened, 10 segments on antennal flagellum, 7 externally visible thoracic segments, 3 cm long, large eyes
    - - Oval body, dorso-ventrally flattened, pleon has 2 complete somites (segments) and a partial suture, tridentate pleotelson, antennule equal length to 3rd section of antenna, antennal flagellum longer than peduncle and about 1/4 of its body length
    - - Shell wall has 6 grey-white plates, opercular aperture (the middle bit) diamond shaped with pink-white membrane, broad rostral plate, up to 15 mm in diameter, membranous shell base,
    - - 11cm, translucent with red/ brown lines, first 2 walking legs (pereiopods) chelate with yellow and brown banding, head region covered by carapace and well developed rostrum with 6-7 dorsal teeth 2 of the 6-7 behind the eye socket and 4-5 ventral teeth, mandible palp of 3 segments
    - - Carapace dorsal surface flattened and pubescent, frontal margin with 10 narrow unequal teeth, anterolateral margin with 5 sharp front pointing teeth, chelipeds equal and strong
    - - 1st thoracic limb subchelate, short rostrum, appendages in front of eyes (scaphocerites), telson with 2 pairs of lateral spines, sixth dorsal segment smooth on dorsal side
    - - <10mm suboval carapace, chelae long and cylindrical, 3 pairs of walking legs and concealed 5th pair of pereiopods
    - - Carapace with sharp pointed rostrum, chelipeds covered with granules, propodus of right chela with two rows of larger granulations, starting at the base and converging towards the middle
    - - Round hairy ~15mm carapace, large flat hairy claws, long antennae, 3 pairs of walking legs apparent, greyish brown top, yellow-white underside
    - - Chelae covered in mat of hair, carapace with 4 lateral sharp teeth, second to fifth walking legs (pereiopods) stout and flattened, longest segment of legs (merus) has distinct distal spine
    - - Smaller 1st and second antero-lateral teeth, immovable finger tip is brown, distally curved acutely pointed dactyls, spiny propodus of smaller chela (the larger one is smoother/ has less spines), carpus a also has spines.
    - - Black, toothed, slightly unequal claws, wide carapace with 10 rounded lobes, hairs on pereopods, spine-like dactylus
- - - - Smooth white spiral tube, 3-4mm diameter, small peripheral flange spreading over the substratum at the attachment of the tube, sinistral coil
    - - Prostonium has 4 eyes, 2 antennae and 2 palps, small teeth on proboscis, 4 pairs of tentacles, finger-like post chaetal lobes
    - - 90-200 segments, 10-20cm long, rectangular body at cross section, has "cat ears" on prostnium, gills, smooth
    - - 19 segments, branching dorsal gills on segments 7-19, firm cylindrical body, blunt head, no gills or chaetae
  - - - The purple bit is divided into segments and the things that stick out either side are parapodia and the black bits at the end of the parapodia are chaetae (it can also be on the head)
      - The palps are the two red triangles, the tentacles are orange, the antennae are yellow
    - - The big tube at the front is the proboscis
      - The prostonium (head) is the second label on the right pointing to the 3 leaf clover shaped thing with the :3
      - The two black things coming out of the proboscis are the jaws
- - - - 5cm diameter, smooth column, red, green, brown or orange, bright blue warts, 192 retractable tentacles arranged into 6 circles
    - - Broad base (diameter up to 10cm), red column with green spots and blue, white or pink acrorhagi
  - - - Oral tentacles are surrounding a hole that is the mouth/anus
      - Outside the anemone is a column and within the column there's a septum
      - At the bottom of the anemone surrounding it, there are basal disks
      - The middle gap is the stomach
      - Not in diagram: there are spots where the tentacles are called acrorhagi, the round bit at the top is the scapulus, there are bits that stick out of the column called parapets and the top of the parapet is called the fosse
- - - - Middle circle is disc, has mouth (can have mouth plates and teeth), 5 arms that have spines and plates on them
  - - - 2cm pentagonal disk, arm length 5x diameter of disk with 7 serrated spines on each segment, keel on naked dorsal arm plates
    - - 3.5cm central disc diameter, arm length 3.5x the diameter of the disc, arm spines line flat, pair of pores between ventral plates at base of arms
    - - Sub-pentagonal, ventral surface flat but dorsal surface rounded, mouth plates have 2 spines on ventral side
- - - - The outside has an epidermis with porocytes (the spots), the white bit is spongocoel and the blue parts are choanocytes, there are also spiracles within the walls (mesohyi) that to opening at the top is called the osculum
    - - Purse-shaped, 5cm long with ~5cm diameter