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Mae Stansbury, Period 5, Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Mae Stansbury, Period 5, Reproductive System
Major Functions of the Reproductive System (Male and Female)
Doesn't function continuously and male and female reproductive organs share same 4 tasks
Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction called gametes; spem is male gamete and ova is female gamete
Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
Support development of fetus and birth of baby
Primary sex organs are gonads; testes in male and ovaries in female; it has 2 products
Gametes: sperm for male and ova for female
Sex hormones: testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females
Vital in development and function of reproductive organs and other organs and tissues, sexual behavior, or sexual drives
Accessory Reproductive organs are ducts, glands, and external genitalia
Semen: milky-white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Spermatogenesis: process of forming male gametes; major regions of the sperm are the head, midpiece, and tail
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Testes: sperm producing male gonads that are in scrotum; surrounded by tunic vaginalis and tunica albuginea; have 4 tubules and sperm is conveyed through the following order: Seminiferous tubules --> Straight tubule --> Rete testis --> Efferent ductules --> Epididymis
Sperm is delivered to body through ducts in following order: Epididymus ---> Ductus Deferens ---> Ejaculatory Duct ---> Urethra
Accessory sex glands: seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands
Seminal glands: produce viscous alkaline seminal fluid and joints ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
Prostate: encircles urethra inferior to bladder; secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
Bulbo-urethral glands: produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal, lubricates penis, and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra
Scrotum: sac of skin and superficial fascia; hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis and has paired testes; 3 degrees Celsius lower than core body temp for sperm production
Midline septum divides scrotum into two compartments
Accessory ducts: carry sperm from testes to body exterior: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Epididymis: where sperm matures; contracts and expells sperm into ductus deferens
Ductus Deferens: passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity; joints ducts of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory duct: smooth muscle in walls propels sperm from epididymis to urethra
Urethra: conveys both urine and semen
Penis: male copulatory organ; scrotum and penis are external; made up of root, shaft, glans penis, and foreskin; it is made up of spongy tissues like corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa
Sperm: made up of head, midpiece, and tail
Secondary sex characteristics
Appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair
Enhanced growth of hair on chest and other areas
Larynx enlargements causing deepening of voice
Skin thickens and becomes oily
Bones grow and increase in density
Skeletal muscles increase in size and mass
Boosts basal metabolic rate
Basis of sex drive
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
Internal genitalia: in pelvic cavity- ovaries, duct system
Ovaries: female gonads; produce female gametes, secrete female sex hormones
Duct System
Uterine Tubes: receive ovulated oocyte and usual sit of fertilization
Infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity
Uterus: receives, retains, and nourishes fertilized ovum; made up of body, fundus, isthmus, cervix, and cervical canal
Vagina: functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
External genitalia: external sex organs
Vulva
Mons pubis: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Labia majora: hair covered, fatty skin folds
Labia minora: skin folds lying within labia majora
Vestibule: recess within labia minora
Clitoris: anterior to vestibule
Perineum: diamond-shaped region between pubic arch and coccyx
Mammary Glands: present in both male and female but only functions in female; function is milk production to nourish newborn
Areola: pigmented skin surrounding nipple
Hormones of the Reproductive System (Male and Female)
Gonadotropin: releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
Follicle: stimulating hormone: gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone: gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
Sex hormones act at target tissues in body and exert negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Testosterone in males
Estrogen and progesterone in females
Inhibit: released from gonads of both male and female; experts negative feedback on FSH released from anterior pituitary
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycle
Oogenesis: production of female gamete; begins in fetal period
Primary oocytes that undergo meiosis I to produce
Secondary oocytes that undergo meiosis II to produce
Follicles go through stages of development
Primordial follicle: single layer of squamous pre-grandulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
Secondary follicles: have multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
Vestibular follicles: have fluid filled cavity called an antrum; before ovulation primary oocyte inside vesicular follicle resumes meiosis and becomes secondary oocyte
Maturation process
Phase 1: gonadotropin-independent pre-antral phase involves intramolecular paracrines
Phase 2: antral phase stimulated by FSH and LH
Ovulation: each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated; caused by high hormonal levels
Ovarian Cycle has 2 phases
Follicular Phase: period of vesicular follicle growth
Luteal Phase: period of corpus luteum activity
Hormonal Regulation
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
The Uterine/Menstrual Cycle
Days 1-5: Menstrual phase
Days 6-14: Proliferative phase (preovulatory)
Days 15-28: Secretory phase (postovulatory)
Disorders of the Reproductive System
Chlamydia
Symptoms: urethritis, penile or vaginal discharges, abdominal or rectal or testicular pain, painful intercourse, and irregular menses
Treatment: antibiotics
Cause: Chlamydia trachomatis
Type: Bacterial
Trichomonasis
Type: Parasitic
Treatment: easily and inexpensively treated
Symptoms: yellow-green discharge with odor
Cause: Contact
Gonorrhea
Type: Bacterial
Symptoms in males: urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus
Symptoms in females: abdominal discomfort, discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding, urethral symptoms
Treatment: antibiotics, at least 2 required
Syphillis
Cause: Treponema pallidum
Symptoms: asymptomatic at first, then painless chancre appears, then if untreated secondary signs such as pink rash, fever, and joint pain appear
Type: Bacterial
Treatment: penicillin
Human Papillomavirus
Symptoms: genital warts
Cause: penile, anal, oropharyngeal, and cervical cancer
Treatment: Vaccination
Type: Viral
Genital Herpes
Type: Viral
Cause: Herpes Simplex Virus
Treatment: antiviral drugs
Symptoms: latent periods and flare ups with vesicle formation
Menopause
Cause: declining estrogen levels; ceased periods
Symptoms: atrophy of Reproductive organs and breasts, irritability and depression in some; hot flashes, gradual thinning of skin and bone loss, increased total blood cholesterol levels and falling HDL, no periods
Treatment: estrogen-progesterone preparation has been given for years
Breast Cancer
Risk Factors: early onset of menstruation or late menopause, no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life, no or short periods of breast feeding, family history of breast cancer
Diagnosis: early detection via self-examination and mammography
Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery with follow up radiation or chemotherapy; lumpectomy: lss invasive and excises only cancerous lump
Cervical Cancer
Risk Factors: frequent cervical inflammation, STIs like HPV, or multiple pregnancies
Diagnosis: Pap smear when sexually active or ages 21-65
Presentation: Gardasil- 3 dose vaccine that protects against HPV
Prostate Cancer
Diagnosis: digital exam screening
Treatment: surgery, radiation, drugs that block testosterone synthesis
Prostatis
Testicular Cancer
Cause: Mumps that lead to orchitis, Cryptorchidism a solid mass in testis
Treatment: surgical removal of testis and often radiation or chemotherapy
Methods and Classifications of Contraceptives
Vasectomy: cutting and litigating ductus deferens; nearly 100% effective birth control
Chemical Birth Control
Pills
Patches
Injections
Implants
Intrauterine
Spermicides
Physical/Barrier Birth Control
Male condoms
Female condoms
Cervical Cap