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Reproductive System Lydiann Guzman Per.5 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System Lydiann Guzman Per.5
Major Functions of the Reproductive System (male and female)
male
store and transport sperm
produce semen
produce hormone testosterone
ejaculation and fertilization
produce sperm (spermatogenesis)
female
fertilization and pregnancy
develop fetus
regulate menstrual cycle
childbirth (parturition)
produce hormone estrogen and progesterone
proce milk (lactation) thru mammary glands
produce egg (oogenesis)
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
ovaries
produce demale gametes (ova) and secrete female sex hormones, estrogen (estradiol, estrone, estriol), and progesterone
paired structures flank the uterus, are almond shaped and about twice as large
each ovary is held in place by several ligaments
ovarian ligament
anchors ovary medially to uterus
suspensory ligament
anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
suspensory ligament and mesovarium are part of broad ligament that supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
ovarian follicles
tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex
contain immature egg (oocyte) encased by one or more layers of very different cells: each month a ripened follicle ejects oocyte in event called ovulation
female duct system
uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
recieve ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization; each tube ~10 cm (4 in) long and extends from area of ovary to superior region of uterus
during ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyes then the oocyte is carried along toward uterus by smooth muscle peristalsis and ciliary action
regions of uterine tube: infundibulum
funnel shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity (margin contains ciliated projections called fimbriae that drape over ovary and is site where fertilization usually occurs)
uterus
hollow, thick walled, muscular organ
fucntion is to recieve, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
regions of uterus
body
major portion
fundus
rounded superior region
isthmus
narrowed inferior region
cervix
narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
cervical canal
communicates with:
vagina via external os and uterine body via internal os
uterine wall
perimetrium
outermost serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
myometrium
bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
contracts rhythmically during childbirth
endometrium
mucosal lining
simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lamina propria; fertilized egg burrows into epethilium, during development
vagina
thin walled tube 8-10 cm (3-4 in) in length
functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ copulation
vaginal secretions are acidic in adult females; mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called hymen that ruptures with intercourse
external genitalia (vulva or pudendum)
mons pubis
fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
labia majora
hair covered, fatty skin folds
labia minora
skin folds lying within labia majora
vestibule
recess within labia minora
clitoris
anterior to vestibule
counterpart of penis, body of clitoris has erectile tissue
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycles
cycles
the ovarian cycle
monthly (~28 day) series of events associated with maturation of egg
ovulation
ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
luteal phase
period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
after ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses, and antrum fills with clotted blood; remaining cells form corpus luteum
follicular phase
period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14)
several vesicular (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow
FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase; dominant follicle outcompetes other follicles and is only one to continue one
primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and first polar body
the uterine (menstrual) cycle
days 6-14 proliferative (preovulatory) phase
rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalist layer; as layer thickens, glands enlarge, and spiral arteries increase in number
estrogen also increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
things out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase on day 14
days 15-28 secretory (postovulatory) phase
endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone levels fall
endometrial cells dies, and glands regress
blood vessels fragment, and functional layer sloughs off and uterine cycle starts all over again on first day of menstruation
days 1-5 menstrual phase
ovarian hormones are at lowest levels
gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise
stratum functionalist detaches from uterine wall and is shed
day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
stages of follicle development
maturation process occurs in 2 phases
phase 1
gonadotropin independent pre antral phase involves introfollicular paracrines
phase 2
antral phase stimulated by FSH and LH
dominant follicle is selected and primary oocyte resumes meiosis I
stages of development
primary follicle becomes secondary follicle
primary follicle now called secondary follicle
secondary follicle becomes vesicular (antral) follicle
antrum: large cavity that is formed when all fluid coalesces; distinguishes vesicular follicle from previous follicles; antrum continues to expand with fluid isolating oocyte; isolated oocyte with surround granulosa cells are called corona radiata
IS READY TO BY OVULATED
a primordial follicle becomes primary follicle
follicle is now called primary follicle
oocyte secretes glycoprotein rich substances that forms zona Pellucidar that encapsulates oocyte
Methods and Classification of Contaceptives
intrauterine devices (IUDs)
inserted into uterus to prevent pregnancy
hormonal IUD
release profestin
non hormonal IUD
creade an inflammatory response toxic to sperm
permanent methods (sterilization)
surgical procedures for long term contraception
men
vasectomy
women
tubal ligation (tubes tied)
tubal implants
barrier methods (prevent sperm form reaching egg)
male condoms
female condoms
cervical caps
spermicides
emergency contraception
used after unprotected sex to prevent pregancy
copper IUD
morning after pills (plan B)
hormonal methods (alter hormonal balance to prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or thin uterine lining
birth control pills
implants (nexplanon)
patches (Ortho evra)
vaginal rings
Disorders associated with the Reproductive System (including STI's)
chlamydia
most common bacterial STI in united states: caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
symptoms: urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
treatment: antibiotics
trichomoniasis
parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
symptoms: 70% of women have no symptoms; 30% have yellow green vaginal discharge with strong odor
gonorrhea
bacterial infections of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts; caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae
symptoms: (males) urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from penis; (female) abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal uterine bleeding and possible urethral symptoms
treatment: antibiotics, but resistant strains are becoming prevalent
syphilis
bacterial infections transmitted sexually or congenitally; caused by treponema pallidum
infection is asymptomatic for 2-3 wks and then painless chancre appears at site of infection; if untreated, pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain
treatment: penicillin
human papilomavirus (HPV)
cause of genital warts, also penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cacners
vaccination can guard against most common cancer causeinfg strains
genital herpes
caused by herpes simplex virus; difficult human pathogen to control
characterized by latent period and flare ups with vesicle formation; can be passed to fetus
treatment: antiviral drugs can reduce duration and intensity of flare ups
testicular cancer
having mumps that lead to orchitis (inflammation of testis)
sign:painless, solid mass in testis
cured by surgical removal of testis, radiation chemotherapy
prostatitis
prostate cancer
treated with surgery and radiation
metastatic prostate cancer treated with drugs that block testosterone synthesis or action
cervical cancer
frequent cervical inflammation; STIs, HPV, pregnancies
gardasil (3 dose vaccine; protects against HPV; papanicolaou (pap) smear for detection
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
testes
each testis is surrounded by 2 tunics:
tunica albuginea
inner layer forms fibrous capsule
tunica vaginalis
outer layer derived from peritoneum
septa divide testis into ~250 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production)
sperm is conveyed from seminiferous tubules to straight tubule →rete testis→efferent ductules→epididymis and sperm is delivered to body through system of ducts, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejacularoty duct, urethra
spermatic cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes
accessory sex glands
seminal glands (seminal vesicles
contains smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation; duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid (fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and protaglandins)
prostate
encircles urethra inferior to bladder; consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
secretes milky, slightly acid fluid (contains cutrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and plays a role in sperm activation)
bulbo-urethral glands
produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
lubricate glans penis and neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra
scrotum
sac of skin and superficial fascia; hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
contains paired testes; 3C lower than core body temperature (necessary for sperm production); midline septum divides the scrotum into 2 compartment
ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct
~45 cm long; passes thorugh inguinal canal to pelvic cavity; joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct; smooth muscle in walls
vasectomy: cutting and ligating ductus deferens
urethra
conveys both urine and semen (at different times)
penis
male copulatory organ; external genitalia
penis consists of: root and shaft that ends in glans penis; prepuce (foreskin): cut off loose skin covering glans
circumcision: surgical removal of foreskin
made up of spongy urethra and 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue: spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces
corpora cavernosa
paired dorsal erectile bodies
erection
erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
corpus spongiosum
surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb of penis
Hormones of the Reproductive System (male and female)
female
estrogen
function
vital development and function of reproductive organs and other organs'tissues, sexual behavior, and sexual drives
progesterone
male
testosterone
reproductive hormone secretion
hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis
hormones involves:
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
inhibin
released from gonads of both male and female
exerts negative feedback on FSH release from anterior pituitary
female (more in depth)
hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle
FSH and LH stimulates follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
FSH stimulates cells to release estrogen, and LH prods other cells to produce androgens, which converts to estrogens
negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
estrogen levels continue to rise as a result of continues release by dominant follicle; triggers LH surge
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
if no fertilization occurs
corpus luteum degenerates when LH levels start to fall
causes a sharp decrease in estrogen and progesterone, which in turn ends blockage of FSH and LH secretion, causing cycle to start all over again
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
estrogen levels decline; LH transfroms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and some estrogen almost immediately
effects of estrogens and progesterones
estrogen
promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary; exert anabolic effect in female reproductive tract; induce secondary sex characteristics
increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)
widening and lightening pf pelvis
growth of breasts
estrogen also has metabolic effects
maintains low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
facilitates calcium uptake
progesterone
works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
promotes changes in cervical mucus; effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy:
inhibits uterine motility
helps prepare breasts for lactation