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Social Policy in crime, State - loosing fight against crime and there'…
Social Policy in crime
Left Realism
Young
Criminals should be seen as victims of the capitalist system and sociological analyses of crime should stress the criminality of the rich.
Disillusionment was generated by a series of local victimisation surveys which showed the real victim of crimes were the poor and powerless.
Role of criminology provides credible solutions to policy makers to limit the harm that crime was doing to the lives of the poor.
Relative Deprivation
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Awareness of the differences between the poor and rich, without this knowledge w/c generally accept their poverty. Lea and Young argue its not poverty or unemployment that directly causes crime. in the economic depression in 1920/30s crime rated were low compared to boom in the 80s.
The expectation of the 30s youth were lower than those of contemporary young people who feel resentful at what they could earn compared to their aspirations.
Marginalisation
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Young people living in inner cities and social housing estates are likely to suffer from higher levels of deprivation than those from more affluent areas.
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Certain groups in the population are more likely to suffer economic, social and political deprivation.
Subcultures
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Lea and Young don't see a direct 'decodable' link. One crucial element of subcultures is they're located in the values of wider society.
Develop because their members subscribe to the dominant values of society but are blocked off from success.
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Square of Crime
Earlier explanations of crime failed to see the whole picture, understanding of crime requires examination of 4 basic elements:
Solutions to crime
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Kinsley, Lea and Young argue policing needs to be made more accountable to local communities, improving police relationships with local communities.
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Causes in crime lie in unequal society structure, major changes are needed to reduce offence levels.
Young argues we need to deal with inequality of opportunity, unfairness of rewards, tackle discrimination, provide decent jobs and improve housing/community.
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Right Realism
Wilson and Hernstein
Biological differences - argues certain individuals are predisposed to crime due to personality traits such as aggressiveness. Low intelligence explains a great deal of crime.
Murray and Dennis
Nuclear family is being undermined by welfare state which is creating welfare dependency and lone mothers families who don't socialise their children effectively. Clear correlation between crime and family characteristics and changes in modern family life has undermined stability and traditional socialisation. Sense of community has been lost and external patterns of social control have weakened. Internalised forms of social control have been undermined with the rise of single parent families and divorce.
What's to blame: changing role of women, increase of fathers leaving their families and rise in cohabitation
Clarke
Individuals are rational beings with free will and that people decided to commit crime based on rational calculation of the consequences. If the rewards outweigh the costs, then people will be more likely to offend.
Wilson and Kelling
Argues crime predominated within disorganised areas - the appearance of the area adds to the problem. Areas need to be cleaned up and improved lighting introduced. They also strongly advocated zero tolerance policy. This involves arrests of minor crimes. They believe in making the committing of crime more difficult and less desirable.
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State - loosing fight against crime and there's a loss of public confidence in policing due to military style of policing
Informal controls - the fears of stigmatisation and rejection are more likely to reduce crimes than the use of formal sanctions
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