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Marisol Matias Period: 5 The Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Marisol Matias Period: 5 The Reproductive System
Major Functions of the Reproductive System (male and female)
Female
Egg production:
The ovaries produce ova cells through oogenesis
Hormone production:
Estrogen & progesterone are produced in the ovaries, which regulate the menstrual cycle & allow breast development
Fertilization:
When sperm enters the female tract, the sperm meets the egg in the uterine tubes, where fertilization occurs, then the fertilized egg gets implanted in the uterus, developing into an embryo and then a fetus
Male
Sperm Production:
Gamete production happens in the testis through a process called spermatogenesis
Hormone production
: Males produce testosterone in the testes, which allows men to grow facial hair, have deep voice, etc.
Fertilization:
Sperm passes through the penis and enters the female reproductive tract through intercourse
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Penis
: has the urethral opening
Epididymis
: A structure posterior to testes.
Testes
: Produce sperm and male sex hormones
Urethra
: Carries urine and sperm out of the body
Ductus deferens
: A long tube that transports the sperm the the ejaculatory duct
Prostate
: Produces milky fluid; is just underneath the bladder
Ejaculatory duct
: Paird tubes that transport the sperm through prostate gland
Bulbo-urethal glands
: near base of penis; secrete pre-ejaculatory fluid
Seminal glands
: located behind the bladder; produce seminal fluid
Scrotum
: A thin skin hat hangs outside containing the paired testes
Prepuce
: foreskin covering the glans of the penis. Can be removed through a circumcision
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
Urethral opening:
for urine excretion
Vagina:
Birth canal and sperm receiver during intercourse
Uterus:
Organ where a fertilized egg is implanted and grows during pregnancy; made up of 3 layers:
endometrium (most inner layer),
myometrium (middle layer)
,
perimetrium (outer layer)
Fallopian Tubes:
Tubes that transport the egg; fertilization occurs in these tubes
Ovaries:
two organs that produce estrogen & progesterone, and produce eggs (ova)
Cervix:
At the end of the uterus; dilates during child labor
Fimbriae:
Finger-like structures that guide the egg to the fallopian tubes
Infundibulum:
funnel-shaped structure just above the fimbriae; it helps capture the egg
Hormones of the Reproductive System (male & female)
Male
testes produce testosterone
Testes produce inhibit: exerts negative feedback
FSH & LH released from the anterior pituitary
Inhibin produced in the testes
Female
ovaries produce estrogen & progesterone
ovaries produce ova (egg cells)
FSH & LH released from the anterior pituitary
Inhibin is secreted by other ovaries
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Ovarian Cycle:
Monthly (~28 day) series of events associated w/ maturation of egg
2 consecutive phases:
-
Follicular Phase
: period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14)
-
Luteal Phase
: period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28); Luteal Phase is always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle
Follicular Phase
:
Several vesicular (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH & are stimulated to grow
-1 dominant follicle become sensitive to FSH
FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase
Primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte & 1st polar body
Luteal Phase:
After ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses & antrum fills with clotted blood
Remaining cells form
corpus luteum
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone & some estrogen
Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans (scar) in 10 days if not pregnancy occurs
Ovulation:
In between Follicular and Luteal phase
Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte w/ its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
Fraternal twins occur when ovulation releases more than 1 secondary oocyte
Uterine Cycle (Menstrual cycle):
3 phases
1. Days 1-5: menstrual phase
Ovarian hormones are at lowest levels
-gonadotropin levels begin to rise
stratum functionalist detaches from uterine wall & is shed (menstrual flow)
2. Days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
Rising estrogen levels prompts generation of new stratum functionalist layer
estrogen increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
Ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase in day 14
3. Days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory) phase
most consistent in duration
endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates towards end of secretory phase & progesterone levels fall, endometrial cells die, glands regress, blood vessels fragment and function layer sloughs off and uterine cycle starts over again
Disorder associated with the Reproductive System
Trichomoniasis
Parasitic infection more common in women
Easily & inexpensively treated
Symptoms
30& have yellow-green vaginal discharge w/ strong oder
70& do not have symptoms
Gonorrhea
Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive urinary tracts
Most infections are asymptomatic
Male symptoms
urethritis
painful urination
-urethral constriction if left untreated
Women symptoms
-abdominal discomfort
vaginal discharges, abdominal uterine bleeding
Syphilis
Bacterial infection
invades muscosae or even broken skin
asymptomatic for 2-3 weeks, then painless chancre appears at the site of infection
Secondary signs appear if left untreated
pink skin rash
fever
joint pain
Treatment
Penicilin
Human Pipillomavirus (HPV)
group of ~40 or more viruses is most common STI in U.S.
cause of genital warts
80% of cases where cervical cancer is linked to HPV
can also be a cause of anal, penile, & oropharyngeal cancers
Vaccination can guard against most common cancer-causing strains
Genital Herpes
Caused by herpes simplex virus
one of most difficult human pathogens to control
only 15% display signs of infection
-can be passed onto fetus
Treatment
antiviral drugs
Cervical Cancer
Most common between 30-50 years old
Risks include frequent cervical inflammation, STIs, or multiple pregnancies
pap smear for detection; done every 5 years for ages 21-30
Breast Cancer
Most common malignancy & 2nd most common cause of cancer death in U.S. women
arises from epithelial cells of smallest ducts that eventually metastasize
Diagnosis
self examination & mammography
Treatment
radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery
Testicular Cancer
Rare, but most common cancer is men
inflammation of testis could be a risk factor
Cryptochidism is most common risk factor
Sign: painless, solid mass in testis
90% cured by surgical removal of testis
Chlamydia
Most common in the U.S.
Can be contracted from birth canal by newborns
Symptoms
Urethritis
-penile & vaginal discharges
-abdominal, rectal, & testicular pain
Methods and Classification of Contraceptives
Vasectomy
: Vas deferens is cut to end sperm transportation through that tube; permanent method
Birth control pills
: Estrogen & progesterone hormone level pills to prevent ovulation; highly effective
Latex condoms
: Protects against STIs; moderately effective
Tubal Ligation
: Fallopian tubes are cut or tied to prevent fertilization; permanent method