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EDUCATION (4) - ETHNCITIY & EDUCATION (EXTERNAL FACTORS), boys SEWELL…
EDUCATION (4) - ETHNCITIY & EDUCATION (EXTERNAL FACTORS)
CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
LINGUISTIC SKILLS
intellectual + linguistic skills contribute largely to educational achievement; a lack thereof will likely result in underachievement
children from low-income black families fail to give children what they need to develop reasoning + problem-solving skills
ENGELMANN
: language spoken by low-income black families inadequate for educational success
children who don't speak english at home may likely not do well academically
CRITIQUE - GILLBORN & MIRZA
: indian pupils do quite well despite not having english as a first language
PARENTAL ATTITUDES
lack of motivation most likely leads to failure (black carribean)
ethnic minority families tend to value cultural systems, and have high respect for the education system
mainstream culture socialisation: instil ambition, competitiveness, willingness to make sacrifices for success (most children)
some black children are socialised into having a fatalistic attitude, preferring instant gratification instead of delayed
FAMILY STRUCTURE
BLACK FAMILIES
MOYNIHAN
: many black families are headed by single mothers, so children are deprived of a father figure, meaning a lack of an adequate role model for male achievement
unstable family → inadequate socialisation → inadequate parents
failure happens because of a dysfunctional family structure
BLACK & ASIAN FAMILIES
MURRAY
: lone parenthood + lack of positive male role model = underachievement
PRYCE
: asian = high achievers due to resistance to racism, greater self-worth | black = less cohesive, resistant, so have low self-esteem, so underachieve
PRYCE
: impact of colonialism is the reason for the difference between the two groups
GANGS & CULTURE
SEWELL
: lack of fatherly nurturing/ 'tough love' → boys finding it hard to overcome emotional + behavioural issues of adolescence
boys then resort to gangs involving other fatherless boys who offer 'perverse loyalty and love' which presents a media inspired role model of anti-school black masculinity
these boys are subjected to anti-educational peer group pressure
those who spoke well + did well at school were often seen as 'selling out' to the white establishment
black students do worse due to differences in socialisation + attitudes to education
WHITE W/C FAMILIES
MCCULLOCH
: survey of 16,000 pupils; ethnic minority pupils more likely to aspire to go to uni than white british
LUPTON
: four schools; teachers reported poorer behaviour + discipline in white w/c schools, which was blamed on low lvls of parental support + neg. attitude to education
ASIAN FAMILIES
pupils benefit from supportive families that have 'asian work ethic'
LUPTON
: adult authority in asian families similar to authority in school
asian parents more likely to support school behaviour policies
CULTURAL DEPRIVATION CRITICISMS
LAWRENCE
challenges
PRYCE
by saying black pupils fail because their culture is weak + lack self-esteem; racism is what leads to black pupils' underachievement
KEDDIE
: cultural deprivation is a victim-blaming explanation; ethnic minority children are culturally different, not deprived, and only underachieve as schools are ethnocentric
CRITICS TWO ALTERNATIVES
MULTICULUTURAL EDUCATION
: a policy that recognises + values ethnic minority cultures + includes them in the curriculum
ANTI-RACIST EDUCATION
: a policy that challenges prejudice + discrimination that exists in schools + wider society
MATERIAL DEPRIVATION
PALMER
almost half of ethnic minority live in low-income households, compared to a quarter of white children
ethnic minorities are almost 2x more likely to be unemployed compared to white
ethnic minority households are ~3x more likely to be homeless
almost half of bangladeshi + pakistani workers earn £7 per hour, compared to only a quarter of white british workers
pakistani + bangladeshi households are the poorest in britain: 54% (b) and 48% (p) living in povert in 2020, compared to 19% white british
ethnic minority are more likely to have shift work (part-time, no secure rota)
RACISM IN WIDER SOCIETY
some sociologists argue poverty is the product of racism
REX
: racial discrimination → social exclusion; minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard accommodation
WOOD
: 1 in 16 ethnic minority applications were offered an interview, in comparison to 1 in 9 white applications
boys
SEWELL
interviewed felt the greatest barrier to success was pressure from other boys
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