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Major Branches for Unit 3: - Coggle Diagram
Major Branches for Unit 3:
Cell Structure & Function
Key Topics:
Parts of the Cell: Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth & rough), ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
Organelles’ Functions: E.g., Mitochondria (energy production), Nucleus (DNA storage), Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Differences in structure and complexity
Cell Membrane: Structure (phospholipid bilayer), function, and transport (diffusion, osmosis, active transport)
Cell Theory
Key Topics:
Three Principles:
All living organisms are made of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Important Scientists: Schwann, Schleiden, Virchow
Cell Transport Mechanisms
Key Topics:
Passive Transport: Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Active Transport: Pumps (e.g., sodium-potassium pump), endocytosis, exocytosis
Concentration Gradient: How molecules move in and out of cells based on concentration differences
Water Movement: Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solutions
Cell Communication
Key Topics:
Types of Signals: Chemical signals (hormones, neurotransmitters)
Receptors: Membrane-bound and intracellular receptors
Signal Transduction Pathways: How cells respond to signals (e.g., G-protein coupled receptors, second messengers like cAMP)
Energy in Cells (Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis)
Key Topics:
Cellular Respiration:
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
ATP production, role of oxygen (aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration)
Photosynthesis:
Light-dependent reactions, Calvin Cycle
Role of chloroplasts and chlorophyll
Photosynthesis equation (6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂)
The Cytoskeleton
Key Topics:
Components: Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
Functions: Cell shape, support, movement, transport within the cell
Motor Proteins: Kinesin, dynein (move materials within the cell)
Cell Division (Mitosis Overview)
Key Topics:
Phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm
Interphase: G1, S, G2 phases
Purpose of Mitosis: Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction