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Renal system - Coggle Diagram
Renal system
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Urine culture is the gold standard, requiring a properly collected sample.
Urinalysis findings: Pyuria (WBCs in urine), hematuria, nitrite-positive test (indicates bacterial presence).
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100,000 CFU/ml in a midstream urine sample.
50,000 CFU/ml in a catheterized sample.
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Causes include fever, exercise, and underlying kidney or urinary tract disorders.
Hematuria can be classified as glomerular (brown urine, RBC casts, deformed RBCs) or extraglomerular (red urine, blood clots, normal RBC morphology).
Causes of glomerular hematuria: post-infectious glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis.
Causes of extraglomerular hematuria: kidney stones, cystitis, pyelonephritis, tumors.
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Supportive measures: Hydration, fever control, and addressing underlying conditions (e.g., urinary reflux).
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A glomerular disease characterized by massive proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dl), and hyperlipidemia (>200 mg/dl cholesterol).
Primary NS (90%): Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome (MCNS), Mesangial proliferation, Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).
Secondary NS (10%): Due to infections, drugs, immune disorders, and malignancies.
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A type of nephritic syndrome with sudden onset of hematuria, edema, hypertension, and kidney dysfunction.
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Presents with mild to severe symptoms, including hypertensive encephalopathy, heart failure, and acute kidney failure.
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Risk factors include short urethra, uncircumcised males, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), urinary tract obstruction, poor hygiene, and constipation.
Ascending infection is the most common route, mainly caused by E. coli, followed by Klebsiella and Proteus species.
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Pyelonephritis (kidney infection): Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, and malaise. Can lead to renal scarring.
Cystitis (bladder infection): Dysuria, urgency, frequency, suprapubic pain, and malodorous urine.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria: Positive urine culture with no symptoms, more common in girls.
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The number of nephrons is complete at birth, but functional maturation happens later.
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Untreated UTIs can lead to kidney scarring, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease.
Prevention includes proper hygiene, adequate fluid intake, avoiding tight clothing, treating constipation, and addressing urinary tract abnormalities.