Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Development, Evolutionary Theory - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Key Characteristics
        
        Circular Reactions: Infants repeat actions that they find pleasurable. For example, they might accidentally suck their thumb and find it soothing, so they repeat the action.
        
        Stranger Anxiety: As object permanence develops, infants may become distressed when separated from familiar caregivers.
        
        Object Permanece: A major milestone is the development of object permanence – the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. Initially, infants will believe an object is gone when it disappears from view, but later, they will search for hidden objects, indicating they understand the object still exists.
    - - Key Characteristics
        
        Egocentrism: Children have difficulty taking another person's perspective. They assume that others see, think, and feel the same way they do.
        
        Irreversibility: Children have difficulty mentally reversing actions. For example, they might not understand that if you pour the water back from the tall glass to the short glass, the amount will be the same as before.
        
        Symbolic Thinking: Children use words, images, and symbols to represent things. Pretend play flourishes during this stage, as children use objects to represent something else (e.g., a banana as a phone).
        
        Centration: Children focus on only one aspect of a situation at a time. For example, they might focus on the height of a glass of water and not the width, leading to errors in conservation tasks (understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance).
        
        Lack of Conservation: Children do not yet understand that certain properties (like quantity, volume, or mass) remain the same even when the appearance of an object changes. For example, they might think that a taller, narrower glass contains more water than a shorter, wider glass, even if they saw the same amount of water poured from one glass to the other. "applying logic" is a key step in this stage, as your notes suggest, but mastering this logic takes time.
    - - Key Characteristics
        
        Conservation: Children now understand that certain properties remain the same despite changes in appearance. They can solve conservation tasks correctly.
        
        Seriation: Children can arrange objects in order based on a particular dimension (e.g., size, weight).
        
        Reversibility: Children can mentally reverse actions.
        
        Classification: Children can classify objects into categories based on shared characteristics.
    - - Key Characteristics
        
        Abstract Thought: Individuals can think about abstract concepts like justice, freedom, and love. "Ethics, politics, and social and moral issues become fascinating," as your notes mention.
        
        Hypothetical Reasoning: Individuals can formulate hypotheses and test them systematically.
        
        Deductive Reasoning: Individuals can draw logical conclusions from given premises
    - - A child in the sensorimotor stage is putting everything in their mouth to explore it.
  - - - Example
        
        Remembering a phone number by repeating it to yourself (encoding), storing it in short-term memory, and recalling it (retrieval).
  - - - Studying how the prefrontal cortex is involved in decision-making.
  - - - Understanding that your friend might feel sad even if they don't show it.
- - - - Pavlov's dog salivating at the sound of a bell
  - - - A student studying hard (behavior) to get a good grade (reinforcement).
- - - - A child fixated on the oral stage might develop a smoking habit as an adult.
  - - - Example
        
        A teenager struggling with identity vs. role confusion might experiment within differnt styles and social groups.
- - - - A child learning to ride a bike with the help of a parent (scaffolding).