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Renal Failure - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Prerenal AKI (Decreased Blood Flow to the Kidneys)
        Caused by hypovolemia (e.g., hemorrhage, dehydration), decreased cardiac output (e.g., heart failure), or systemic vasodilation (e.g., sepsis).
        
        Intrinsic AKI (Direct Kidney Damage)
        Causes include ischemic injury, nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., NSAIDs, aminoglycosides), infections, and autoimmune diseases
        
        CKD is a progressive, irreversible decline in kidney function over months to years.
        
        It is primarily caused by diabetes mellitus, hypertension.
- - - - Prerenal (Decreased Blood Flow to the Kidneys)
      - Dehydration (vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating)
      - Hypovolemia (hemorrhage, burns, fluid loss)
      - Heart failure (reduced cardiac output)
      - Sepsis (vasodilation and hypotension)
      - Use of NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors
        
        Nephrotoxic drugs (aminoglycosides, contrast dyes, NSAIDs)
        
        Acute glomerulonephritis (autoimmune diseases, infections)
        
        Rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown releasing myoglobin)
        
        Hemolysis (hemoglobinuria from hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions)
        
        Ischemia (prolonged hypoperfusion leading to acute tubular necrosis)
        
        Kidney stones
        
        Prostate hypertrophy (BPH)
        
        Tumors (bladder, prostate, cervical cancer)
        
        Urethral strictures or neurogenic bladder
- - - - CKD affects approximately 10–15% of the adult population worldwide.
        
        About 37 million people (15% of adults) have CKD, with higher rates in African American, Hispanic, and Native American populations.
        
        Among CKD patients, about 2–4% progress to ESRD, requiring dialysis or transplantation.