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Spanish Module - Coggle Diagram

- - - - • Documents the work done.
      - • Serves as a reference archive.
      - • Facilitates decision-making.
      - • Allows for information review at any time.
      - • Can be read by several people simultaneously.
      - • Assists new staff consultation.
      - • Contributes to the prestige of a company or institution.
    - - Expository Report
        
        • Describes a situation without analysis or conclusions.
        
        • Limits itself to narrating events as they occurred.
        
        • Example: Description of a manufacturing process.
      - Interpretative Report
        
        • Explains the meaning of certain events.
        
        • Includes analysis, conclusions, and recommendations.
        
        • Example: Evaluation of an employee based on performance statistics.
      - Demonstrative Report
        
        • Aims to prove certain facts with certainty.
        
        • Clearly distinguishes between facts and opinions.
        
        • Example: Technical report supporting a thesis with verifiable data.
- - - - Grammatical rules: Learning a language involves mastering its grammar, which is not just about rigid rules but describing how to structure language for correct use.
      - Phonology: It studies the sounds of the language, the rules for combining them into words, and the patterns of stress and intonation. Example: the word "plane" has three sounds: /p/, /l/, and /n/.
      - Semantics: It refers to the meaning of words and how sounds combine to form meanings. Some combinations of sounds, such as "ear" or "aer," do not have meaning in Spanish.
      - Syntax: It is the way words combine to form phrases and sentences. In Spanish, the basic structure is: subject + verb + direct object.
      - Pragmatics: It studies the strategies for using language appropriately according to context. It includes aspects such as rules for turn-taking and controlling social interaction.
      - Lexicon: It is the set of words a language uses to designate objects, actions, ideas, etc. Examples: flowers, run, democracy, happy.
      - Grammatical cases: These are variations in the form of words (like nouns, adjectives, and pronouns) depending on the role they play in the sentence, usually modified by suffixes.
    - - A linear, hierarchical structure made up of a finite number of words.
      - According to traditional grammar, they usually consist of a subject (who performs or receives the action) and a predicate (the action performed and its context). However, it is possible that in some cases, the subject is not explicitly stated.
      - In most writing systems, sentences are typically recognized by starting with a capital letter and ending with a period, features that denote a self-contained unit of meaning.
    - - Nominal Agreement: This is the agreement of gender and number between the noun and the words that accompany it (articles, adjectives, pronouns, attributes, or participles).
      - Verbal Agreement: This is the agreement of number and person between the verb and its subject, with exceptions in impersonal sentences and inclusive subjects.
      - Polar Agreement: This is the relationship between indefinite pronouns and negative particles in a sentence.
        
        • Coordinated singular nouns or pronouns: They agree in plural with the adjective or verb.
        
        • Nouns of different gender: They agree in masculine with the adjective or pronoun.
        
        • Second-person pronouns: The verb agrees in the second-person plural or, with "ustedes," in the third-person plural.
        
        • First-person pronouns: The verb agrees in the first-person plural if there is at least one pronoun of this type.
      - Agreement in other languages: Spanish has nominal, verbal, and determiner agreement, while English only has verbal and determiner agreement, and Arabic includes gender agreement between the subject and the verb.
      - Agreement in inflected languages: In Latin and other inflected languages, the core of a noun phrase agrees with the complements in gender, number, and case.
      - Agreement in languages with verbal affixation: In languages with verb affixation, gender agreement exists for both the agent and the object of the verbal predicate.
      - Polar Agreement: This is the grammatical relationship between a negative element and the indefinite pronouns that accompany it, as in Spanish, where consistency between negation and indefinite pronouns is required.
- - - - Types of Paragraphs
        
        Enumeration Paragraph: Presents a list of characteristics or elements related to a main idea, organized by listing, summarizing, or framing.
        
        Sequence Paragraph: Organizes elements in a temporal or successive order, common in instructional or scientific texts.
        
        Comparison/Contrast Paragraph: Highlights similarities and differences between two or more objects or situations, either with opposed descriptions or separately.
        
        Concept Development Paragraph: Explains or elaborates on a main idea, which is usually at the beginning or end of the paragraph, with arguments or examples that follow a logical order.
        
        Problem/solution Paragraph: Presents a problem and its solution, either completely, with opposed solutions, omitting the solution or the problem.
        
        Cause/Effect Paragraph: Explains a fact or situation and its causes or consequences, presenting the cause before or after the effect.
      - Qualities of a Paragraph
        
        Unity: Each paragraph should develop a central idea expressed in a topic sentence, supported by secondary sentences that explain or argue it.
        
        Coherence: The ideas within the paragraph should be logically related so that the reader understands the global message.
        
        Cohesion: The paragraph should be connected through linguistic mechanisms such as reference, thematic progression, and connection.
      - Writing Paragraphs
        
        Writing Process: To write a good paragraph, one must choose a topic, create a main sentence, add relevant details, build coherent sentences, and review the text.
        
        Definition of Writing: Writing is expressing facts, agreements, or thoughts clearly and in an organized manner.
        
        Forms of Writing: Writers may add personal elements to adjust conclusions, integrate stories, or create a narrative framework.
        
        Communication Process:
        
        Sender in the Communication Process: The sender creates the message, encodes it in a language, and expresses it through spoken or written language.
        
        Receiver in the Communication Process: The receiver receives the message, decodes it, and responds in some way, thus completing the communication process.
- - - - Lexical Stress: Emphasizes a main syllable (and in long words, a secondary one) and is specific to each word.
      - Sentential Stress: Depends on the general intonation of the sentence and is influenced by pragmatic factors.
    - - It is the accent used to differentiate words that are spelled the same but have different meanings.
      - It is mainly applied to monosyllables and some exclamatory or interrogative pronouns.
      - It is not used when both forms of a word are stressed (like "ve" from the verb ver and ir).
- - - - Key Aspects of an Oral Presentation
        
        Body Language
        
        • Maintain a relaxed and natural posture.
        
        • Control gestures, avoiding excessive movement.
        
        • Use gestures at the right moments to emphasize key points.
        
        • Make eye contact with the audience in a broad manner, not just focusing on one person.
        
        Vocal Expressiveness
        
        • Pronounce clearly and with appropriate volume.
        
        • Avoid speaking too quickly or in a monotone.
        
        • Modulate intonation according to the content to maintain the audience's attention.
        
        Mastery of the Topic
        
        Demonstrate deep knowledge and preparedness of the topic.
        
        Communicate ideas coherently and well-founded.
      - Structure of an Oral Presentation
        
        Introduction
        
        • Greet the audience.
        
        • Capture attention with an anecdote, reflection, question, statement, etc.
        
        • Introduce the topic.
        
        • State the objectives (inform or persuade).
        
        • Mention the main parts of the presentation.
        
        Development
        
        • Present main and secondary ideas clearly.
        
        • Use transition phrases to connect ideas.
        
        • Argue with solid reasons and examples.
        
        • Avoid straying from the central topic.
        
        Conclusion
        
        • Summarize the key points.
        
        • Reinforce the main idea.
        
        • Present the conclusions.
        
        • Thank the audience.
        
        • Invite questions.
      - Support Tools in an Oral Presentation:
        Didactic resources can enrich the presentation if used appropriately. Some examples include:
        
        • Photocopies
        
        • Transparencies
        
        • Slides
        
        • Audio or video documents
      - Recommendations for Using Visual Materials
        
        • Limit to 15-20 slides with schemes, graphs, or summary tables.
        
        • Ensure texts are brief and readable.
        
        • Do not read projected texts literally.
        
        • Allow enough time for the audience to assimilate the information.
- - - - Financial Reports: Used to control the company's finances.
      - Satisfaction Reports: Measure the satisfaction of customers or employees.
      - Analytical Reports: Present data, information, and conclusions about results.
    - - • Identifying problems.
      - • Making precise decisions.
      - • Monitoring performance and creating strategies.
      - • Updating and organizing information for easy reference.
      - • Improving efficiency and response to issues.
    - - • Tools like concept maps and cause-and-effect diagrams help organize and select the appropriate information for each type of report.
      - • Grouping, sorting, and summarizing statistics to highlight patterns and facilitate understanding and decision-making.