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New Granada Ecuador - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Gold and silver mining were significant sources of wealth for the Spanish crown. The extraction of these resources was a boost to the colonial economy.
    - - Cacao, sugar, and other agricultural products were vital for trade, particularly cacao, which was in high demand in Europe.
- - - - His ideas on popular sovereignty and the general will resonated with Bolívar’s vision of a government that reflected the will of the people.
    - - He promoted the separation of powers in government, which informed Bolívar’s later political frameworks for governance in the new republics.
    - - Locke advocated for the idea of natural rights (life, liberty, property) and the social contract, which influenced Bolívar’s belief in the right of people to overthrow unjust governments.
  - - - Large plantations of forced labor systems for staple crops such as cacao and sugar quickly drove production up but at the cost of human rights and social structures.
    - - Intensive labor systems operated as a basis for which the informal land and resource hierarchies were replanted with social elite singulars that ruled over a majority of people (enslaved Africans) being marginalized and poor.
    - - Encomienda eventually turned into a system that enabled Spanish settlers to force indigenous populations into work and resulted in enormous exploitation and a complete decimation of most native communities by the extreme working norms and diseases
- - - - People of mixed European and indigenous ancestry.
      - Worked as artisans, traders, and small landowners.
      - While they could gain some privileges, they still faced discrimination.
    - - Marginalized and subjected to heavy taxation and forced labor.
      - The original inhabitants of the region included various ethnic groups.
      - Required to pay tribute to the Spanish crown and were frequently exploited for labor in agriculture and mining.
    - - wealthy landowners and merchants and were excluded from the highest political offices, which were reserved for Peninsulares.
      - Individuals of Spanish descent born in the Americas.
    - - Individuals of African descent were often brought to Ecuador as enslaved people.
      - Bottom of the social hierarchy, facing severe discrimination and limited rights.
      - Primarily employed in labor-intensive roles, such as in agriculture and domestic service.
    - - Highest positions in the colonial administration, including viceroys, governors, and high-ranking officials.
      - Spanish-born individuals who immigrated to the Americas.
      - Held economic and political power and were favored in matters of governance and land ownership.
- - - - A military leader and politician, de la Mar was involved in the early stages of the independence movement.
      - He was a supporter of Bolívar and participated in several military campaigns against Spanish forces.
    - - A criollo leader, poet, and politician, Olmedo was mostly seen helping in the independence movement in Guayaquil.
      - He served as the first president of the Republic of Guayaquil and advocated for independence. He organized local resistance against Spanish forces and helped establish the Republic of Guayaquil in 1820.
    - - He advocated for social reforms and modernization in Ecuador, shaping the political landscape post-independence.
    - - Became president and played a role in shaping Ecuador's post-independence political landscape.
    - - A close ally of Bolívar, Sucre was a Venezuelan military leader who aided in the liberation of Ecuador.
      - He commanded troops during the decisive Battle of Pichincha in 1822, which led to the liberation of Quito. Sucre later became the first president of Bolivia.
  - - - Indigenous groups often fought alongside revolutionary forces. Their involvement was critical, especially in regions where they had longstanding grievances against colonial authorities.
      - Knew the land better than the landowners themselves and used this knowledge to better hold down areas of Ecuador and push strategically.
    - - Enslaved individuals also contributed to the independence efforts, with many seizing the opportunity to fight for their freedom. Their participation not only bolstered the revolutionary ranks but also highlighted the intersection of independence and social justice.
      - Their contribution was in the sheer numbers of willing fighters who wanted independence/freedom.
    - - Local militias formed the backbone of the armed resistance, often consisting of Creole and Mestizo volunteers who were motivated by the desire for autonomy and local governance.
      - Provided the firearms and weaponry to the fighters.
- - - - Uprising of 1809
        
        Local Creole leaders sought greater autonomy from Spanish rule. Although it was quickly suppressed, it marked the beginning of resistance against colonial authority.
      - Other Minor Revolts:
        
        Often motivated by local grievances over taxation and governance, but none gained significant traction before 1809.
    - - Mercantilist policies - limiting trade to Spanish ports and imposing taxes on colonial goods.
        
        This led to economic exploitation and resentment among the local population.
    - - Centralized authority - viceroy appointed by the Spanish crown, oversees the administration.
      - Local governance - managed through audiencias (high courts) and cabildos (town councils).
    - - Economic Exploitation:
        
        Mercantilist policies favored Spain at the expense of local economies, leading to frustration among colonists who felt their resources were being exploited.
      - Influence of Enlightenment Ideas:
        
        The spread of Enlightenment philosophies encouraged thoughts of liberty, equality, and self-governance, inspiring Creole leaders to challenge the existing order.
      - Social Hierarchy:
        
        Colonial society was stratified, with Peninsulares (Spanish-born individuals) holding privileges over Creoles (American-born Spaniards).
        
        This created resentment among the Creole class, which was increasingly educated and economically empowered.
      - Political Instability in Spain:
        
        The Napoleonic Wars and King Ferdinand VII's abdication created a power vacuum and uncertainty, prompting local leaders to consider independence as a viable option.
  - - - Spanish officials, including the President of the Audiencia, held power over local governance. They were responsible for enforcing Spanish laws and policies.
    - - Towns and cities had local councils (cabildos) composed of prominent citizens (often criollos, or people of Spanish descent born in the Americas).
        
        These councils managed local affairs, including public works and community regulations.
    - - The territory was partitioned into provinces, each governed by a gobernador (governor) appointed by the Spanish crown.
        
        These governors had significant authority over local administration, military matters, and tax collection.
    - - The Spanish brought, among other things, various taxes such as alcabala (the sales tax) and Indian tribute that severely affected the indigenous population. The rest of the economy was predominantly agriculture, mining, and trading-based.
    - - A judicial and administrative body, the Audiencia of Quito was established in 1563.
        
        The supreme tribunal, and legal within a region; it would oversee matters of the land including law enforcement as well implementing royal decrees.