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BELIEFS (4): RELIGION & IDEOLOGY (1), EVALUATION, EVALUATION,…

- - - - validity - if findings provide a genuine picture
      - reliability - if other researchers get the same results; there could be many differences
      - representativeness - if findings are generalisable or just apply to a minority
      - qualitative v quantitative - quantitative says religion is in decline, but qualitative provides more verstehen which could give a diff view
- - - - METANARRATIVES
        
        metanarratives lose influence + religious authority loses power, so NAMs/ NRMs provide more appealing explanations, leading to their growth
      - SPIRITUAL SHOPPING & CULTURAL AMNESIA
        
        cultural amnesia/ declining religious socialisation mean there's more opportunity to pick 'n' mix beliefs, so ppl choose their identities outside trad religions, creating diversity in choice
      - TECHNOLOGICAL/ SCIENTIFIC WORLDVIEW
        
        religion seems less reliable for solutions, and could perhaps only be turned to for comfort
        
        BRUCE: scientific/ technological explanations help see step-by-step on why things happen and what input we could use to amend errors identified
      - DESACRILISATION (WEBER)
        
        movement away from religious socialisation + more education means ppl turn to science + logical reasoning
        
        ppl prefer rational, scientific explanations rather than hoping an external being can solve everything
    - - institutions lose their influence as religious education becomes a choice (until gcse in schools)
      - WILSON: church no longer influences laws as much - ppl more likely to have political opinions influenced by mass media
      - trad religions disapproval on certain subjects (homosexuality, sex before marriage, divorce) is more disagreed with due to changing postmodern views
      - HERBERG - SECULARISATION FROM WITHIN: america and its trad religious have been watered down to survive secular society (in some places); some christian denominations have changed their stances of divorce, cohabitation, contraception
    - - DECLINING MEMBERSHIP
        
        young people aren't interested, so don't join when elder members die
      - DECLINING ATTENDANCE
        
        religious ceremonies/ festivals lose their purpose and some become commercialised (christmas, easter), otherwise ppl usually only attend for 'hatching, matching + dispatching' ceremonies
  - - - HEELAS (KENDAL PROJECT): trad religions aren't getting more popular, but NRMs are as an alternative form of seeking truth
      - religiosity is making its comeback through NRMs - people's spirituality is still there, but they're just putting it into practice in a different, more contemporary form of religion
      - 'spiritual revolution' (HEELAS)
    - - DAVIE: 'believing not belonging' -> religion becoming more privatised
      - people feel like they don't fit in in religious environments, so prefer being at home to practice instead
      - televangelism also encourages this
      - DAVIE: 'vicarious religion' - living through experiences almost second-hand as a way to be seen as practicing
      - declining religious practice isn't generalisable across all belief systems - there is clear growth (pentecostalism, islam, hinduism (i + h doubled)
    - - a lot of CofE schools still have religious practice as mandatory part of the school day, and r.e is also compulsory until gcse
      - religion can help with cultural defence/ transition too
      - religious leaders are often called on to by govt for social policies relating to communities they lead