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Respiratory System Karlie Casillas P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Karlie Casillas P.5
Major functions of the respiratory system
Supply body with O2 for cellular respiration and dispose of Co2
If respiratory or circulatory system fails the body's cells die from oxygen starvation.
Functions in olfaction and speech
Respiration Process:
1- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
2-External respiration:
3-Transport of respiratory gases
4- Internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
: consists of inspiration and expiration,
Inspiration
moves air into the lungs from atmosphere.
Expiration
moves air out of lungs from atmosphere.
External respiration
: O2 diffuses from the lungs to the blood, CO2 diffuses from the blood to the lungs
Transport of respiratory gases:
O2 is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body. CO2 diffuses from the blood to the lungs
Internal respiration:
O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells. CO2 diffuses from the tissue cells to blood.
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose and Nasal Cavity
: Produces mucus; filters, wamrs and moistens incoming air and receptor for sense of smell
Paranasal sinuses
: Lighten skull: may also warm, moistens and filter incoming air
Pharynx
: Passageway for air and food
Has 3 Regions
Nasopharynx, Oropharnyx, Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
: Air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
Oropharynx
: passageway from food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
: passageway for food and air
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
: Air passageway: prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract, and voice production
Trachea
:( windpipe) Air passageway: cleans, warms and moistens the incoming air
Composed of three layers: -
Mucosa
: ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium with goblet cells
-
Submucosa
connective tissue with seromucous glands that help produce the mucus within trachea:
-
Adventitia
: outermost layer made of connective tissue
Bronchi and branches
: Divides from trachea and bronchi carry air into your lungs, at the end of the bronchi is the bronchioles which carry air to the alveoli
Lungs and alveoli
:
Lungs
: house respiratory passages smaller than main brocnhi
Alevoli:
Main sites of gas exchange: lungs and blood exchange O2 and CO2 during inspiration and expiration
Diaphragm
: separates your chest from abdominal cavity and increases pressure
Broken into 2 zones-
Respiratory Zone and Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone
: site of gas exchange
Conducting Zone
: conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites
Layers of the pleurae
Pleurae
: thin, double layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
Parietal pleura
: membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart and between lungs
Visceral pleura
: membrane on external lung surface
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
During Inspiration:
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract allowing air to enter the lungs
During expiration:
the inspiration muscles relax forcing gases to flow out of the lungs
Expiration is a passive process, Inspiration is an active process
Inspiration
: gas flowing into lungs
Expiration
: gas exiting lungs
Volume and pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Atmospheric pressure:
pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
760 mm HG at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Intrapulmonary pressure:
pressure in alveoli - also called intra-alevolar oressure
fluctuates with breathing
always eventually equalizes with Patm
Transpulmonary pressure
: pressure that keeps lung spaces open
keep lungs from collapsing
Intrapleural pressure: pressure in pleural cavity - fluctuates with breathing
always a negative pressure
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Tidal Volume (TV) :
amount of air moved into and out of lungs with each breath - Averages ` 500 ml
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200) ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
: amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs (1000-1200)ml
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
: sum of TV + IRV
Residual volume (RV):
amount of air that always remains in lungs
Functional residual capacity (FRC) :
sum of RV+ ERV
Vital Capacity (VC):
sum of TV + IRV + ERV
Total lungs capacity (TLC):
sum of all lung volumes (TV+ERV+RV)
Internal vs. external respiration
Inspiration
: gases flow into lungs
Expiration
: gases exit lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
consists of inspiration and expiration- Mechanical process that depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity
Boyle's law:
relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
Inspiration
: active process involving inspiratory muscles( diaphragm and external intercostals
Action of the diaphragm: when dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out
Action of intercostal muscles: when external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out
As thoracic cavity volume increases, it causes pressure to go down
Expiration
: quiet expiration is passive process,
inspiratory muscles relax,
thoracic cavity volume decreases and lungs recoil
volume decreases causing pressure to increase
Forced expiration is an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as well as internal intercostal muslces
Disorders of the respiratory system
Tonsillitis
: infected and swollen tonsils can block air passageway in nasopharynx, making it necessary to breathe through the mouth
Laryngitis:
inflammation of the vocal folds that causes vocal folds to swell, interfering with virbations
Smoking inhibits and ultimately destroys cilia
Heimlich maneuver:
procedure in which air in victim's lungs is used to "pop out" an obstructing piece of food
Pleurisy
: inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneuomonia
Atelectasis
: lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles