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Respiratory System Jasmine Baez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Jasmine Baez Period 5
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
Circulatory System
Transport
of O2 & CO2 in blood
Internal respiration:
Exchange of O2 & CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Respiratory System
Pulmonary Ventilation
(breathing): movement of air in and out of lungs
External Respiration:
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs & blood
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Pneumonia:
Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs.
Lung Cancer:
Uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in the lungs.
Tuberculosis:
Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Seasonal Flu:
A viral infection; There are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms.
COPD:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma.
Lower Respiratory Structures and Functions
Bronchi & Branches
Right/left main (primary) bronchi
, each enters hilum of one lung, then into
lobar (secondary) bronchi
, 3 on the right & 2 on the left.
Branches
become
Bronchioles
, small, then
Terminal Bronchioles
, smallest.
Lungs & Alveoli
Alveolar ducts
lead into
alveolar sacs
containing
alveoli
that help exchange O2 & CO2 in lungs & bloodstream
-
Left lung is smaller than right lung, function in the exchange of gases O2 & CO2
Trachea
(windpipe)
Extends from larynx to mediastinum, divides into 2 main bronchi. Walls consist of
Mucosa
,
Submucosa
,
Adventitia
(outermost).
Diaphragm
Separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Functions:
Facilitating breathing by contracting & expanding chest cavity.
Larynx
(voice box)
Attaches to
hyoid bone
,
Functions:
1) Provides patent airway. 2) Routes air/food into proper channels. 3) Voice production (housing vocal folds)
Upper Respiratory Structures and Functions
Paranasal Sinuses
Forms rings around nasal cavities located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, & maxilla bones
- Functions:
Lighten skull, secrete mucus, help warm & moistens air
Nose
-
The only external part of the respiratory system, consists of the
External Nose
&
Nasal Cavity
- Functions:
Produces mucus; filters, warms, & moistens incoming air, resonating chamber for speech
Nasal Cavity:
Found in & posterior to external nose
-
Divided by midline nasal septum; formed (A<-) by septal cartilage, & (->P) by vomer bone & perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
- Nasal Vestibule:
superior to nostrils, lined with vibrissae (hairs) that filter inspired air
- Nasal conchae:
Scoll-like mucosa-covered projections that increase mucosal area & enhance air turbulance. Filter, heat, moistens air
External Nose:
areas include the root (space between eyes), bridge, dorsum nasi (anterior margin), and apex (tip of nose)
- Nostrils
(nares)
:
bounded laterally by alae
Pharynx
Oropharynx:
Passageway for food/air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
Laryngopharynx:
Passageway to food/air, posterior/upright epiglottis
Nasopharynx:
air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
The volume and pressure in the thoracic cavity are inverse with one another. Inspiration = Increase in volume & decrease in pressure. Expiration = Decrease in volume & increase in pressure.
Internal vs. External respiration
Internal Respiration:
involves diffusion of gases between blood &
tissues
External Respiration:
Involves diffusion of gases between blood &
lungs
Layers of Pleurae
Parietal Pleurae:
membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, & between lungs.
Visceral Pleurae:
Membrane on external lung surface
Pleural fluid:
fills slit-like pleural cavity between 2 pleurae, providing lubrication & surface tension assisting expansion & recoil of lungs.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Capacities
- Inspiratory Capacity:
maximum volume of air a person can inhale after a normal quiet expiration. (TV + IRV)
- Functional Residual Capacity:
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal passive exhalation (RV + ERV)
- Vital Capacity:
a measure of lung function that indicates the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking a deep breath. (TV + IRV + ERV)
- Total Lung Capacity:
the maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold after a maximal inhalation. (TV+IRV+ERV+RV)
Volumes
- Tidal Volume:
Amount of air moved in/out of lungs w/ each breath.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume:
Amount of air inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume:
Amount of air forcibly expelled from lungs.
- Resideal Volume:
Amount of air always remaining in lungs
Compare and Contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration:
Gases flow into lungs (breathing in)
Expiration:
Gases exit lungs (breathing out)
Inspiration:
Causes diaphragm to contract, results in increase of thoracic volume & decrease in pressure.
Expiration:
Lungs recoil, results in decrease of thoracic volume & increase in pressure.