Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Botany Exam 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Based on molecular data
      - Bisexual
      - Radially symmetric
      - Multiple whorls of petals
      - Androecium
      - 2+ whorls of anthers
      - Gynoecium
      - 5+ carpels
    - - Archaefructus sinensis
      - Likely herbaceous
      - Likely aquatic
      - 124.6bya
    - - Amborellaceae
      - Amborella
      - Amborella trichopoda
      - New Caledonia
      - Dioecious
      - Male plants
      - Female plants
      - Shrub
    - - Flowers indefinite in number of parts →flowers have few parts that are definite in number
      - Floral axis shortened
      - Original spiral arrange no longer evident
      - Floral parts often fused
      - Ovary superior → inferior
      - Perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx & corolla
      - Radial symmetry →irregularity
  - - - A flower is a stem with leaf-like structures.
      - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages:
      - Sepals, sterile
      - Petals, sterile
      - Stamens, male fx
      - Carpels, female fx
      - Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
    - - Sepals are the outermost floral appendage.
      - Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts.
      - Protect the flower bud as it develops.
      - May be colorful.
      - All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx.
    - - Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle.
      - Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
      - Attract pollinators.
      - Collectively are a corolla.
      - Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
      - Absent in wind-pollinated species.
    - - Stamens occur above the petals.
      - Are collectively the androecium.
      - Two parts: anther and its supporting filament.
      - Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce four microspores.
      - Microspores
      - Undergo mitosis
      - form a resistant cell wall
      - Microgametophyte
      - Pollen grains
    - - Megasporophyll
      - Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium.
      - Stigma catches pollen grains.
      - Style elevates the stigma.
      - Ovary where megaspores are produced.
      - Within the ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
      - After fertilization of the egg, ovules mature into seeds.
  - - - Whorls inserted relative to ovary
      - Superior
      - Carpel above
      - Inferior
      - Receptacle surrounds carpel
      - Carpel below
      - Perianth & stamen insertion
      - Hypogynous
      - Perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
      - ex lilies
      - Epigynous
      - Perianth & stamens from top of ovary
      - ex apple flower
      - Perigynous
      - Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
      - ex cherry flower
    - - Lacking a whorl of sexual organs
      - Hermaphroditic = perfect
      - Monoecious = male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
      - Dioecious = male flowers on plant, female flowers on different plant
      - Male = androecious
      - Female = gynoecious
    - - Inflorescence
      - Taxonomic importance
      - Various ways to ensure cross pollination
  - - - Color
      - Smell, organic volatiles
      - Shape
      - Bloom time
      - Rewards, eg nectar
    - - Some colors are more attractive than others
      - Color requires resource
      - Omit when unnecessary
      - Some are in the uv spectrum
    - - Signal to pollinators
      - Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheromones
      - Some common chemicals
      - Benzaldehyde (almond)
      - Linalool (lavender)
      - Limonene (citrus)
      - Beta ocimene (green)
      - May have scent glands
      - eg roses
    - - Floral symmetry
      - Actinomorphic
      - Radially symmetric
      - eg sunflower
      - Zygomorphic
      - Irregular
      - Bilateral
      - eg pea
    - - Diurnal
      - Day time
      - Nocturnal
      - Night time
    - - Nectar
      - Pollen
      - Oil
  - - - Abiotic:
      - Anemophily (wind)
      - Hydrophily (water)
      - Biotic
      - Melittophily (bee)
      - Psychophily (butterfly)
      - Phalenophily (moth)
      - Myophily, sapromyophily (fly)
      - Ornithophily (bird)
      - Chiropterophily (bat)
      - Cantharophily (beetle)
    - - Wind
      - No bright colors, special odors, or nectar
      - Small
      - Most have no petals
      - Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
      - Large amount of pollen
      - Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
      - Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
    - - Water
      - Copious pollen
      - Small flowers
      - Long filaments for pollen transport on surface
      - Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
    - - Bee
      - Full of nectar
      - Brightly colored with petals that are usually blue or yellow or a mixture of these (bees cannot see red) but can in UV
      - Sweetly aromatic or have a minty fragrance
      - Open in daytime
      - Provide landing platforms
      - Often bilaterally symmetrical (one side of the flower is a mirror image of the other)
      - Flowers are often tubular with nectar at base of tube
    - - Butterfly
      - In clusters and provide landing platforms
      - Brightly colored (red, yellow, orange)
      - Open during the day
      - Ample nectar producers, with nectar deeply hidden
      - Nectar guides present
      - May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
    - - Moth
      - Many night pollinated species
      - White
      - Heavy scent
      - Tubular corollas
    - - Fly
      - Pale and dull to dark brown or purple
      - Sometimes flecked with translucent patches
      - Putrid order, like rotting meat , carrion, dung, humus, sap and blood
      - Nectar guides not present
      - Produce pollen
      - Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
      - Saprophily, for carrion mimics
    - - Bird
      - Tubular and have petals that are recurved to be out of the way
      - Have tubes, funnels, cups
      - Strong supports for perching
      - Brightly colored: red, yellow, or orange
      - Odorless (birds have a poor sense of smell)
      - Open during the day
      - Prolific nectar producers with nectar deeply hidden
      - Modest pollen producers that are designed to dust the bird’s head/back with pollen as the bird forages for nectar
    - - Bat
      - Open at night;
      - Large in size (1 to 3.5 inches);
      - Pale or white in color;
      - Very fragrant, a fermenting or fruit-like odor; and/or
      - Copious dilute nectar.
    - - Beetle
      - Bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
      - White, to dull white or green
      - Strongly fruity
      - Open during the day
      - Moderate nectar producers
      - May be large solitary flowers (i.e. magnolias, pond lilies)
      - May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
    - - May look like pollinator
      - May smell like pollinator
      - Uses trickery
      - Usually no reward
      - Saprophily included
  - - - Wind
      - Water
      - Animal
      - Active
      - Passive
      - Self
    - - Wings
      - Parachutes
      - Lightweight seeds
    - - Buoyant
      - Large airspaces
      - Example coconut
    - - Fleshy
      - Provide animal with nutrients
      - Long-distance dispersal
      - Seed pass through gut without harm
      - Seeds are regurgitated later
      - Ends up in a nice little pile of nutrient dense excrement
      - Ants with elaiosome (lipid based nutrient rich)
    - - Hooks
      - Catch on fur
      - Catch on hoof
      - Velcro
    - - Gravity
        Exploding
  - - - Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
      - Zygote develops in embryo
      - Integuments develop into a seed coat
      - Ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
    - - Ovary sometimes with other portions of flower or inflorescence develops into a fruit
      - Ovary wall
      - Pericarp
      - Thickens and differentiations
      - Exocarp
      - Mesocarp
      - Endocarp
    - - Exocarp
      - Mesocarp
      - Endocarp
    - - Any fruit with accessory tissue
      - Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
      - Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
    - - Any fruit with accessory tissue
      - Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
      - Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
    - - Fruit development
      - Without fertilization
      - Without seed development
      - Banana
      - Seedless watermelon
    - - Single carpel
      - 2+ united carpels
      - Examples
      - Bean
      - Cherry
      - Tomato
      - Major fleshy types
      - Berries
      - Drupes
      - Pomes
      - Major dry types
      - Dehiscent
      - Indehiscent
    - - Apocarpous gynoecium
      - Carpel retains its identify in mature state
      - Example
      - Magnolias
      - Raspberries
      - Strawberries
    - - Derived from an inflorescence
      - Combined gynoecia of many flowers
      - Example
      - Fig
      - Mulberry
      - Pineapple
- - - - Microgametophyte
      - Dispersal no longer requires water
      - Exine prevents desiccation
      - Some with air bladders
      - Transport by wind
    - - Tubes feeding on nucellus
      - Provide nutrients to developing sperm
      - Can be a lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
    - - swim from
    - - Direct delivery of sperm to the megagametophyte
      - Pollen tube
      - Directed by synergids
      - Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperm)
      - Feeds on style (angiosperm)
    - - Sperm development within antheridia
      - Sperm rely on water for swimming to archegonia
    - - Reduced over time
      - Gametophyte dominant stage in early land plants
  - - - 2 integuments
      - Megasporangium = nucellus
      - Megasporocyte reduced to one
      - Megaspore reduced to one and retained
      - Megagametophyte = egg sac
      - Furniculum
    - - Both single megasporocyte
      - Both single megaspore
      - 1 integument, 2 integuments
      - Unique to Angiosperm
      - Additional protection from ovary wall
      - Double fertilization
    - - Megasporangium is nutritious tissue = nucellus
      - Nested doll
      - Integument (1)
      - Megaspore wall
      - Megasporangium
      - Archegonium
      - Eggs
  - - - Megasporocyte
      - Megaspore mother cell
      - Reduced to one per megasporangium rather than hundreds
    - - Reduced megaspores with other 3 aborted
      - Large megaspore retained inside megasporangium
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - First integument telomes
        Second integument phyllad origin
    - - Megagametophyte retained inside megaspore wall
      - Fertilization of egg occurs in wall
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - Megaspores
      - Megagametophyte
      - Microspores
      - Microgametophyte
      - Found in some non-seed plants
    - - Multicellular megagametophyte
      - Egg retained
      - After syngamy, embryo develops within
    - - Heterospory
      - Megasporangium enclosed in integuments
      - Retention of megaspores w/in megasporangium
      - Reduction # of megasporocytes/ megasporangium to 1
      - Survival of 1 megaspore
      - Endosporic megagametophyte
      - Modification of megasporangium apex for microspores or microgametophytes
      - Embryo develop within megagametophyte
  - - - Pollen tube grows down style
      - Generative cell divides into 2 sperm
      - Pollen tube ruptures inside synergid releasing sperm
      - One sperm fuses with egg
      - 2n diploid
      - Zygote
      - One sperm fuses with polar nuclei
      - 3n triploid
      - Endosperm
    - - One cotyledon = scutellum
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Corn example
      - Integuments become seed coat
    - - Pine example
      - Some with fleshy outer layer (aril)
      - Several cotyledons
      - Integument becomes seed coat
    - - 2 cotyledons
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Integuments become seed coat
      - Bean example
    - - Increased independence from free water reproduction
      - Enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
      - Enabling advanced reproductive traits
      - Pollination drops
      - Embryo dormancy increase chance of offspring survival
  - - - Lobate integuments
      - Free from nucellus/ megasporangium
      - Moresnetia zalesskyi
      - 8-10 lobes fused at chalaza and widely separated
      - ~360mya
    - - Complete enclosure of megasporangium within integument
      - Increased protection
      - Desiccation
      - Herbivory
      - Stamnostoma huttonense
      - 352 mya
      - Gnetopsiselliptica
    - - Elkinsia polymorpha
      - 4-5 lobes fused basal third
      - ~360mya
      - Late Devonian (W. Virginia)
      - Pseudosporogonites quadrapartitus
    - - Evolved from shoot apex
      - Gymnosperm nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
      - Similar genes
    - - Seed ferns (extinct)
      - Gymnosperms
      - Progymnosperms (extinct)
      - Angiosperms
    - - Heterospory
      - Protection
      - Integuments
      - Pollen capture
      - Pollen chamber
      - Micropyle
      - Nucellus
- - - - Marchantia liverwort example
      - Dominant leafy gametophyte
      - Temporary diploid sporophyte
    - - Dominant life stage
      - Antheridiophore
      - Male
      - Antheridia
      - Contain sperm
      - Archegoniophore
      - Female
      - Archegonia
      - Contain eggs
    - - Small, temporary structure
      - Parasitic on gametophyte
      - Meiosis occurs within sporangium
      - Sporocytes (2n)
      - Spores (1n)
    - - Mnium moss example
      - Dominant leafy gametophyte
      - Temporary diploid sporophyte
  - - - haplontic (Greek, haploos + einai = single being)
    - - current land plants
      - haplodiplontic (Greek, haploos + diploos + einai = single double being)
    - - interpolation theory
    - - Heteromorphic generations
      - Sporophyte
        
        short-lived
        
        simple
      - Gametophyte
        
        relatively complex
        
        persistent
  - - - Selaginella example
      - Heterosporous
      - Retained within spore walls
      - Sperm must still swim to egg
    - - Both male and female develop within spore wall
        Small
    - - Heterosporous
      - Reduction in megasporocytes to 1 per megasporangium
      - Micro = male
      - Mega = female
    - - Polypod fern example
      - Independent gametophyte
      - Independent sporophyte
    - - Megagametophytes
        
        Female
        
        Archegonium
        
        Egg
      - microgametophytes
        
        Male
        
        Antheridium
        
        Sperm
  - - - Lily example
      - Sporophyte dominant
      - Gametophytes microscopic
    - - The flowering plants are very diverse
      - Annual to perennial
      - Indeterminate growth
    - - Microgametophyte
      - Pollen
      - Megagametophyte
      - Becomes nutritive tissue
      - Protected by integuments
      - Within an ovule
    - - Multicellular haploid stage
      - Pollen grain
      - Immature
      - Mature germinating
    - - Large dominant diploid stage
      - Gametophyte reduced to microscopic structures
    - - Multicellular haploid individual
        Egg one of the cells (nuclei)
    - - Pine example
      - Microgametophyte no longer restricted to water
      - Megagametophyte protected by integuments