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Alliance Systems in Europe, feeding into imperialism since western…
Alliance Systems in Europe
The Triple Alliance (1882)
came from the Dual Alliance (1879) between Germany and Austria Hungary
part of Bismarck's efforts to use a balance of power in Europe to maintain peace
mutual support against perceived threats, particularly France and Russia
High tensions between Germany and France after French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1871)
if one member was attacked by either France or Russia, others would have to assist
Germany, Austria Hungary and Italy
8 Nation Alliance 1901
cause: putting down the Boxer Rebellion in China
ensure the foreign legations in China were safe from attack by Boxer militia
Germany, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, the USA, Italy and Austria Hungary
consequence- china defeated, had to pay 67 million pounds in compensation for damages caused
Triple Entente
Entente Cordiale (1904)
consisted of Britain and France
Settle colonial disputes, not a formal military alliance between the two nations. This was an alliance fed by imperialism, as it did end up settling territorial disputes in Africa.
Consisted of France, Britain, and Russia. (Triple Entente1907)
Germany had grown powerful since its unification in 1871 and this became a growing source of concern to Russia, Britain and France. Hence a military and diplomatic alliance was formed to counter the triple alliance.
increased tensions with Germany and Austria-Hungary
First started off with the
Franco-Russian alliance in 1894.
France was diplomatically isolated post-the Franco-Prussian war and needed a strong ally to counter Germany. Russia was wary of German support to Austria-Hungary .Hence led to a military agreement to counter Germany's power.
Anglo-Russian Entente 1907
agreement to settle disputes over Persia, Tibet and Afghanistan
Treaty of London (1915)
secret treaty between neutral italy, and allied forces- France, Britain and Russia
Italy agreed to join World War I on the side of the Allies in exchange for territories: Trieste, southern Tyrol, and northern Dalmatia.
Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
Terms
Both nations agreed to remain neutral l if either country was involved in war, only when either country faced war with two or more opponents , the other country came to its aid.
Britain recognised Japenese rights in Korea, while Japan agreed to use its fleet to protect British interests in the Far east
causes
British
imperialism
Combined concerns of Russian expansion in the Far East. Britain saw it as a serious threat to its own commercial interests in China. It was difficult for Britain to protect and maintain control over
its empire
.
Japan had strategic interests in Port Arthur (Which Russia had seized control of in 1894. Russia also had ambitions to seize Korea which had been under Japanese control since the treaty of Shimonoseki. The loss of Korea would greatly damage the Japanese economy
Consequences
solidified Japan's place as a world power
Greeted favourably in both nations
Russo-Japanese war
: Due to the alliance it gave Japan the power to wage war on Japan, and backing to take on a great power and break glass ceiling by being the first Asian country to win against Russia
demonstrated that a european power could be defeated
The Three Emperors League (1873)
consisted of Germany, Austria Hungary and Russia
maintaining balance of power in Europe
created by Otto von Bismarck, German chancellor, who was worried that Austria Hungary and Russia would create conflict due to their interests in the Balkans, and so divided control of the region between them
Triple Intervention (1895)
put diplomatic pressure on the japanese for them to return control of port arthur to china
cause: russia wanted control of port arthur, so that it had a warm water port to us in the winters- argued that treat of shimonoseki undermined the existing interests that countries had in port arthur
consequence- japan had to hand over control of port arthur since it didnt have the power to face three major powers- increased tensions between western powers and japan
Russia, France and Germany
Reinsurance Treaty (1887 - 1890): Germany + Russia
non-renewal paved the way for closer relations between France and Russia
secret agreement
feeding into imperialism since western countries collaborated to maintain control in china
countries wishing to maintain control over China due to imperialist and commercial motivations
Bismarck