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Chinese Instruments, Features, bowed string instruments, Gehu - Coggle…

- - - - The drum is covered with cowhide on both sides. Because the drum surface is large and the drum is small, and the shape is like a flower pot, it is called a flower pot drum. The sound of the flower pot drum is lower and more majestic than that of the drum, but softer than that of the drum, and can play different tones. The flower pot drum is made in Suzhou, with a diameter of 18 Tang inches (60 cm). When playing, it is set on a wooden frame and made a sound with a drumstick.
    - - The drum is 45cm in diameter, and the sound is loud and wide. It is lower than the war drum, but higher than the flower pot drum. Drums often appear in folk instrument ensembles, dances and gongs and drums, and drums even dominate the band.
    - - Mongolian, Manchu, Han and other ethnic groups hit membrane musical instruments. It has been used by successive courts. It is popular in lama temples in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Qinghai and other provinces and regions and vast areas of the Han nationality.
- - - - Example
        
        Bangdi
        
        https://youtu.be/zJjfFqat_oA
        
        Most dizi are made of bamboo, which explains why dizi are sometimes known by simple names such as Chinese bamboo flute. However, "bamboo" is perhaps more of a Chinese instrument classification like "woodwind" in the West. Northern Chinese dizi are made from purple or violet bamboo, while dizi made in Suzhou and Hangzhou are made from white bamboo. Dizi produced in southern Chinese regions such as Chaozhou are often made of very slender, lightweight, light-colored bamboo and are much quieter in tone.
        
        dizi
        
        The dizi (Chinese: 笛子; pinyin: dízi, is a Chinese transverse flute. It is also sometimes known as the di (笛) or héngdi (橫笛), and has varieties including Qudi (曲笛), Bangdi (梆笛), and Xindi (新笛). It is a major Chinese musical instrument that is widely used in many genres of Chinese folk music, Chinese opera, as well as the modern Chinese orchestra. The dizi is also a popular instrument among the Chinese people as it is simple to make and easy to carry.
        
        https://youtu.be/huJWN6O8JRs
        
        Xiao
        
        The xiao (simplified Chinese: 箫; traditional Chinese: 簫; pinyin: xiāo; Wade–Giles: hsiao1; Jyutping: siu1, is a Chinese vertical end-blown flute. It is generally made of bamboo. It is also sometimes called dòngxiāo (洞箫; 洞簫), dòng meaning "hole." An ancient name for the xiāo is shùzhúdí (豎竹笛, lit. "vertical bamboo flute", [ʂûtʂutǐ]) but the name xiāo in ancient times also included the side-blown bamboo flute, dizi.
        
        The xiāo is a very ancient Chinese instrument usually thought to have developed from a simple end-blown flute used by the Qiang people of Southwest China in ancient period. In the oral traditions of the Xiao, practitioners and poets say its sound resembles the sweetness of the Phoenix's call, the king of birds in Chinese belief.
        
        https://youtu.be/_mkrcWDrIO8?si=_EtoB11VsH9MItsI
- - - - Liuqin
        
        https://youtu.be/FntQzV7f_LA?si=sIIz6L6Smu23YiMq
        
        Features
        
        Among the Changzhou silk strings, the Liuqin can work closely with the main flute to serve as a foil, enhance contrast and decoration, and can also lead the ensemble.
        In the Chinese orchestra, the liuqin is a high-pitched plucked instrument with strong penetrating power that is not easily covered by other instruments. It is often used to play the main melody in the high-pitched area, and sometimes to play gorgeous and technically demanding cadenzas. It is suitable for playing cheerful, contrasting, rhythmic, elastic and lively tunes, as well as beautiful and lyrical melodies.
        
        Performance
        
        When playing the liuqin, the player sits upright, places the instrument diagonally in front of the chest, presses the strings with the left hand, and plays with the plectrum with the right hand[2]. Hold the guitar naturally, relaxed and in a coordinated manner, with your left thumb lightly supporting the guitar neck so that you can move it up and down freely to change positions. Picks are mostly made of celluloid, plastic, horn, tortoise shell and other materials, and are made into triangles, quadrilaterals or long strips. The postures of the left and right hands are as follows: Right hand: The right hand is in a natural half-fist state, with the small joint of the thumb slightly convex in the natural state, and the pick is pinched with the front of the first joint of the index finger on the side of the first joint of the index finger. Avoid having the thumb concave. The force point at the moment the pick touches the string is mainly controlled by the combined force of the thumb and index finger pinching the pick. Left hand: The left hand is in a natural half-fist state, with force applied from the large joints of the fingers, and the four fingers exerting force independently. The playing techniques of Liuqin include plucking, picking, double plucking, double picking, sweeping and round playing with the right hand, while the playing techniques of Liuqin include chanting, striking, leading, pushing and pulling strings and overtones with the left hand. Liuqin can play harmonies and chords of various degrees. The natural overtones are sensitive, clear and have good effects. Its tremolo playing method is also unique. It sounds tense and warm when played loudly, and quiet and sweet when played softly.
      - Sanxian
        
        https://youtu.be/otfNJc6XpKI?si=zrg_35Vqm-bGMFS6
        
        Features
        
        The sanxian includes the body of the instrument (including the head, neck, body, and membrane), and the string system (including strings, pegs, bridges, and nails); the upper end of the head is hoe-shaped or scroll-shaped, or decorated with ivory or bone pieces, with string grooves and peg holes at the bottom, 2 pegs on the left and 1 peg on the right; the neck is connected to the head at the top and the body at the bottom, the upper end of the neck is a mountain mouth, the neck is almost entirely fretless fingerboard, the fingerboard and the membrane are on the same level, a section of the lower end of the neck is bent backwards and connected to the body; the body is also called the drum, slightly square, hollowed out from a log, or glued into a wooden frame with wood chips, covered with snake skin on both sides. The string system's three inner and outer strings are tuned to an octave. The outer and middle strings are tuned to fifth or fourth degrees, with a range of about three octaves. The outer string and the middle string are set to the fourth degree, which is called the "hard middle string"; the outer string and the middle string are set to the fifth degree, which is called the "soft middle string".
        
        Performance
        
        Place the guitar body on the outside of your right thigh, hold the guitar neck with your left hand, and hold the guitar body at a 45-degree angle. Playing with fake nails. Sometimes, the sanxian is also played like a huqin. The tone is dry and the volume is loud. After Xiao Jiansheng's reforms from the 1950s to the 1960s, the timbre of the instrument became thicker and brighter, and the range of the large sanxian was more than 3 octaves.
      - Dulcimer
        
        https://youtu.be/dsSr_kH-ovg?si=VY83HenmvsePcN3a
        
        Features
        
        Structure: The dulcimer makes a sound with hitting the strings, and the speaker is made of wood, with a flat trapezoid, with 144 strings on it. Strings: Modern dulcimer has more than 100 metal strings, usually 1 to 5 strings and 1 group, the bass string is the thickest, the effective string length is the longest, and 1 to 2 strings is 1 group; The effective chord length is a section to the left of the bridge code, and the strings are bolted by the screws under the cover plate at the left and right ends, and must be tuned with tools. Bridge code: The commonly used "five-row code" dulcimer is called bass code, left code, middle code, right code, and semi-tone code from right to left. There are also 3-row and 4-row bridge codes. Qinzhu: also known as qin bamboo and bamboo keys. It is made of elastic bamboo. It is a tool for hitting strings. The bamboo body is slender, and one end of the hand is flat; one end is hammer-shaped, and one side is covered with rubber or other elastic materials. The original battering tool of the dulcimer is a wooden mallet, and the sound is crisper than that of the bamboo.
        
        Performance
        
        Playing method: Hold the bamboo with both hands and strike left and right alternately or strike the same note together to increase the volume. Using the bare side of the bamboo (the side without the rubber skin) to strike the strings is called "reverse bamboo", and the sound is sharp like metal hitting each other; using the tail of the bamboo to "hook" the strings creates a plucked instrument effect. The lingering sound of the dulcimer is long and can be muted by pressing the strings with your fingers. You can play glissando by putting on the "glissando fingertip". In a folk orchestra, the singer sits in the first row in front of the conductor and often plays harmonies or arpeggios. It is also an important accompaniment instrument for solo pieces of instruments such as the huqin and flute. Scale: Yangqin's seven-tone scale (notated in simplified notation); and semi-tone code, left code, middle code, right code, and bass code. It was originally a pentatonic instrument, but after adding a bridge code, it can play the semi-tone scale. Each row from bottom to top is a full tone scale.
- - - - Example