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Revolutionary Evolution of Chile and Argentina - Coggle Diagram
Revolutionary Evolution of Chile and Argentina
Economic Policies & Resources of the Region
Excellent Port Cities in Buenos Aires and Montevideo (Spain, Britain, France, and Portugal all took advantage for maritime trade.)
Potosí Silver Mines
Cattle Ranching in the Pampas Region
The industry was centered around the production of cattle hides and salted beef. Guachos were an essential piece in this. Most of the beef went to feed slaves in other Spanish colonies in the Americas.
(Potosí 19th c)
The Role of Hacienda System in Slavery
Spanish Trade Regulations & Slave Trade Development
Social Structure & Ethnic Hierarchies Under Spanish Rule
Peninsulares (Spanish-born elites) → Held top government & church positions
Creoles (American-born Spaniards) → Wealthy but excluded from power
Mestizos & Mulattoes → Mixed-race population, middle class
Indigenous & African Slaves → Forced labor, no rights
Pre-Revolutionary History (Pre-1808): Spanish Colonial Rule
Viceroyalty of Peru (1542-1776)
Chile
Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. It had a governor-captain general who also served as president of the Real Audiencia of Santiago.
Viceroyalties of the Rio de la Plata (1776-1810)
Argentina
Originally part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, but after 1776, it became a part of Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata,
The Influence of Enlightenment & Education:
John Locke
He had this concept of natural rights and social construct which inspired Bolivar's belief in popular “sovereignty”
Montesquieu
He advocated for a separation of powers to prevent tyranny. Bolivar admired his principal but gave him Latin America's instability he leaned towards a stronger executive rather than a pure system of checks and balances
Rousseau
His ideas on popular sovereignty and the General Will influenced Bolívar’s belief that governments should be responsive to the needs of the people, though he was wary of direct democracy due to political instability.
Key Leaders & Military Strategies: Who led the independence movement
Jose de San Martín - Liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Peru - Leader of the "Army of the Andes"
San Martín
- skilled military strategist and leader trained in Spain from a young age.
Particularly famous for leading a joint force army across the Andes Mountains into Chile in 1817, a feat of military ingenuity and strategy.
He liberated Argentina in 1816, Chile in 1818 and Peru in 1821.
1822
- Met with Simón Bolívar in Guayaquil, and it was decided that Bolívar would take over command of the remaining independence efforts.
Retired to Europe triumphantly in 1824
San Bernardo O'Higgins - Father of Chile
“The career to which I seem inclined by instinct and character, is that of labourer”
(Higgins),
He possesses the honesty and work ethic of the “campesinos” (peasants) he grew up with. He speculated that this integrity is needed more in the government of Chile than in the countryside, where he feel at home.
O'Higgins led Chilean rebel forces in the battle for independence from Spain
Following the victory at Chacabuco, O'Higgins was appointed Supreme Director of Chile on February 16, 1817, becoming the first leader of an independent Chilean state.
In 1818, at the Battle of Maípu, the pair crushed the last of the Spanish royalist army in Chile and San Martín moved on to Peru.
After initial setbacks, O'Higgins joined forces with Argentine general José de San Martín to lead a successful campaign against Spanish royalists, securing victory at the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817 and retaking the capital, Santiago.
“El Abrazo de Maipú”
Military Strategy
Battle of Chacabuco
- Crossing the Andes allowed a surprise attack on the Spaniards in the central valley.
Formed local militias of Argentines, Chileans, and freed slaves.
The promise of freedom after military service for enslaved people.
Once he had control of Chile O’Higgins utilized Naval blockades to separate Peru from any additional Spanish assistance.
Simón Bolívar’s Role in Liberation
Bolívar's vision for a united South America
He was hoping for the continent to become one united state that could rival world powers such as the British Empire.
Bolívar's vision of a strong, unified Latin America resonated with many leaders who saw it as a safeguard against future European interventions.
The rich natural resources, passionate citizens, and potential for economic growth would help him get there.
Bolívar did not fight any physical battles in Chile or Argentina, but he was an inspiration to leaders like San Martín and vice versa. With independence movements occurring all over the continent, the Spanish were stretched thin, leading to revolutionary victories.
Uniting Gran Columbia
He convinced leaders through military success and the meeting at the Congress of Cúcuta in 1821, where Bolívar played a key role in drafting the constitution of Gran Colombia, provided a legal and political structure for the union. Although Bolivar himself was not overly religious, he may have appealed to the sizeable catholic population in S.A. who wanted a more centralized church system like in Europe.
Bolívar did not fight any physical battles in Chile or Argentina
Inspired other leaders like San Martín and vice versa
