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bmet, imaging dillemmas, tissue engineering - Coggle Diagram

- - - - generate electrical potentials
      - transmit signals
    - - charged particle movement
      - electrical + chemical gradients
      - gated channels that trigger signal transmission
  - - - 25% mineral phase
      - 20 % organic proteins
      - 5% water
    - - cortical (compact) bone on the outside
      - spongy bone inside joints
      - multiple cell types involved in bone formation + maintenance
        
        osteoblasts
        
        osteoclasts
        
        osteocytes
  - - - electrical signals from neurons
      - calcium release
      - protein interactions (actin + myosin)
  - - - receives and pumps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
      - complex directional blood flow mechanism
- - - - undernutrition (global issue)
      - causes stunted growth --> impact physical + cognitive development
    - - non-invasive body composition measurement
      - portable + low cost
      - measures subcutaneous fat thickness
- - - - two process sleep model
        
        circadian rhythm (process c)
        
        regulation by body clock
        
        24 hr cycle --> reflect light-dark patterns
        
        sleep-wake homeostasis (process s)
        
        generates sleep drive based on time awake
        
        increases sleep pressure the longer one stays awake
    - - NREM stages
        
        N1 --> transition between wake + sleep
        
        N2 --> light sleep
        
        N3 --> deep/slow wave sleep
      - REM sleep
        
        dreaming typically occurs
        
        comprises 25% of sleep
        
        sleep cycles last apx 90 mins
    - - insomnia
      - sleep aponea
      - narcolepsy
      - circadian rhythm disorders
      - restless leg syndrome
    - - premature mortality
      - cardiovascular disease
      - metabolic dysfunction
      - cognitive decline
  - - - theraputic areas
        
        chronic pain management
        
        parkinsons disease
        
        epilepsy
        
        urinary/fecal incontinence
    - - restore hearing for individuals with significant hearing loss
  - - - DIN - german institute for standardization
      - CEN - european committee for standardization
      - ISO - international organisation for standardisation
    - - management responsibility
      - quality system
      - contract review
      - design control
      - document + data control
      - purchasing
      - control of customer-supplied product
      - process control
      - product identification + traceability
      - inspection + testing
      - control of inspection, measuring + test equipment
      - inspection + test status
      - control of non-conforming product
      - corrective + preventive action
      - handling, storage, packaging, preservation + delivery
      - control of quality audits
      - training
      - servicing
      - statistical techniques
    - - target approvals --> TGA, CE, FDA
      - involve notified bodies --> evaluate product compliance
      - emphasise organisational policies + procedures
    - - critical importance of rigorous quality management
      - highlighted risk of inadequate manufacturing oversight
      - result in global recall and legal consequences
  - - - address asymmetry of information --> buyers vs sellers
      - prevent potential failures + ensure public safety
      - provide structured oversight of medical device development + distribution
    - - premarket review --> evaluate device design + safety
      - manufacture controls --> ensure consistent quality
      - postmarket monitoring --> tracking device performance + address potential issues
    - - design inputs --> converting general requirements into measurable specifications
      - verification standards --> using the international standards for testing + complicance
      - clinical evidence --> combining data. expert review + comprehensive testing
    - - every manufacturer must mantain a technical file
      - risk classification determines depth of regulatory scrutiny
      - ranges from self-declaration to detailed audits
- - - - ability to bypass immune detection
      - potential to reduce systemic toxicity
      - controlled + targeted drug administration
    - - targeted cell killing
      - photothermal therapy using gold nanoparticles
      - diagnostic imaging + biosensing
  - - - PEG coating
      - mimicking cell surface markers
      - size optimization
- - - - streamlines dont cross
      - no mixing between layers
    - - streamlines cross
      - extensive mixing of fluids
- - - - use medical imaging technique
      - obtain material properties + expected loads
      - receive detailed anatomical information
    - - convert image stacks into virtual replicas
      - handle complex organics structures with irregular geometric shapes
      - use specialised software
    - - apply finite element method (FEM)
      - break complex shapes into simpler elements
      - interactions between anatomy + prosthetics
- - - - SPECT
      - PET
    - - CT
      - MRI
  - - - radiofrequency
      - optical
      - acoustic
      - electrical
      - radiation
- - - - wooden toes
      - gold in ancient dentistry
      - bone plates
    - - hip + knee replacements
      - heart valves
      - contact lenses
      - artificial skin
  - - - bulk + surface properties
      - biointerface characteristics
      - potential toxicity
      - mechanical limitations
      - risk of rejection