Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Depression - Coggle Diagram
Depression
Neurotramsitters
Monoamine hypothesis - depression is a result of reduced level of the monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine)
Serotonin - plays a role in memory, attention, compulsion and mood regulation.
A deficiency can cause decreased energy, and reduced concentration
Noradrenaline - role in attention, alertness and energy
Dopamine - needed for reward and pleasure pathway
Low levels can cause reduced motivation and inability to feel pleasure
Sullivan - 40% more at risk if first degree relative has depression - suggests there is a genetic link implying it is due to nature
-
-
-
Angoa-perez - bred mice without gene for tryptophan which is needed for serotonin production. This led to no change in behaviour of mice - suggesting does not impact depression
-
Cognitive explanation
Learned helplessness
Seligman - found that dogs who had been repeatedly given inescapable electric shocks did not try and leave when given the option
Operant conditioning - people who are awkward etc. will withdraw from social interaction and will therefore have a lack of positive reinforcement
Beck's negative triad
- Negative thoughts about world
- Negative thoughts about self
- Negative thoughts about the future
D'Alessandro - those with poor self belief did not get into first choice college which led to doubt about their future. This led to symptoms of depression
-
Could be a result of depression, not a cause
-
-
-
-
Can be used to explain why antidepressants do not work for all patients or why they do not work straight away
Antidepressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Prevent the reuptake of serotonin increasing the concentration in the synapse
- Cause fewer side effects than others as only affect serotonin
-
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
- Often prescribed as a last resort
- Have more side effects compared to other drugs
- Inhibit enzymes that break down monoamines in the synapse
- Require strict dietary control as interact with a lot of foods
Tricyclic antidepressants
- Block reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline
- Older and cause more severe side effects than SSRIs and SNRIs
- Only prescribed if SSRIs and SNRIs are uneffective
Often have side effects which may reduce adherence. For example:
- Nausea
- Insomnia
- Blurred vision
- Weight gain
-
-
-
CBT
- Assessment
- Formulation and goals - client works with therapist to establish aims of therapy and what to address
- Treatment - work to address faulty cognitions and reflect on irrational beliefs. Often given homework to try and challenge their negative beliefs. Will likely also keep a reflective mood diary.
Requires patient to be engaged and motivated to complete homework etc. so will likely not work for the more severe cases due to lack of motivation
Does not have any side effects - although can bring up some negative emotions for the patient initially
Does not consider roots of disorder and only aims to address the symptoms and how to better cope with everyday life
-
-
-
-
Williams et al
-
-
Baseline depression measured by:
- Beck's depression inventory
- Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale
- More secondary measures
-
Treatment group underwent 20 min daily Cognitive Bias Modification for a week and then underwent the 10 week iCBT programme consisting of six online sessions and homework
Don't know if difference was due to cognitive bias modification or due to the iCBT - reduces validity
-
Results:
- There was a reduction in distress and depression in the treatment group - 65% compared to 36%
- Suggests iCBT was effective in reducing symptoms of depression
-
Symptoms
-
-
Change in sleeping patterns - either struggling to get to sleep or sleeping for excessive periods of time
-