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globalisation - Coggle Diagram
globalisation
3.1
Globalisation is a long-standing process which has accelerated because of rapid developments in transport, communications and businesses
b. Developments in transport and trade in the 19th century (railways, telegraph, steam-ships) accelerated in the 20th century (jet aircraft, containerisation), contributing to a ‘shrinking world’.
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shrinking world
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in little over 100 years communication has gone from taking months (on horseback ) to days ( rail or telegraph ) ro hours ( by plabe ) to seconds
19th century - development of railways , telegraph and steam ships all allowed for quicker communication and trade than ever bbefore - but still tokk days or weeks
21st century - development of fibre optic broadband has made communication instant via video callinmg , whatsapp and next day delivery
c. The 21st century has been dominated by rapid development in ICT and global communication (mobile phones, internet, social networking, electronic banking, fibre optics), lowering communication costs and contributing to time-space compression.
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a .Globalisation involves widening and deepening global connections, interdependence and flows (commodities, capital, information, migrants and tourists). (1
gl;obalisation is the increasing conectivness of countries around the world through movement of goods , services,capital and ideas across borders
economic globalisation
increaase of transanctional corporations and information and ICT accelerates cross border exchanges of raw materials , componets , finished manufactured goods , shares porfolio investment and purchasing - ICT technology supports the growth of complex spacial divisions of labour for firms and a more international economy - online purchasing usign amazon on a smartphone
social globalisation
international migration , impovements in education and healthcare and social conectivity
cultural globalisation
through western cultural characteristics dominating in some areas , glocalisation and hybridisation , and the increasing speed at wich ideas and information are circulating
political globalisation
the increase of trading blocs , free trade agreements and global organisations . eg world bank imf wto
global connections
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past global conections were made through trade , coloniasm and cooperation between countries through imnternational organisations
modern globalisation
lengthening of connections between people and places with productsa obtained from further away than ever before
deepening of connections with the feeling of being deeply connected to other peaople and places in every aspect of life
faster speed of connections , with the ability to communicate with others in real time using new technologies or travelling quickly between countries
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interdependancy - due to the increase in flowss, places are becoming more interdependent on eachother
4 marker - one flow of globalisation is money , this can create dependency in the form of remittances sent back by immigrants to their home country . Dependancy is created as families may rekly on this money to pay their bills or rent and if it were to stop they may struggle financially . Furthermore if a country asa whole receives a lot of remittances this can make up a large part of their GDP and make them reliant on this income for providing services to their citizens . For exmple in 2011 nearlt 11% of Tongas GDP was dependent on remiitances
3.2
Political and economic decision making are important factors in the acceleration of globalisation.
b. National governments are key players in terms of promoting free trade blocs (P: role of European Union (EU), The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)) and through polices (free-market liberalisation, privatisation, encouraging business start-ups). (P: role of governments in economic liberalisation)
c. Special economic zones, government subsidies and attitudes to FDI ( China’s 1978 Open Door Policy) have contributed to the spread of globalisation into new global regions (P: role of governments in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI))
a. International political and economic organisations (P: role of World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank) have contributed to globalisation through the promotion of free trade policies and foreign direct investment (FDI).
IMF
Strict conditions on governments borrowing which may result in the governments reducing spending on healthcare, education etc.…
Transfer loans from HICs to countries that have applied for helpRecipients of the loan must agree to run free market economies so TNCs can locate there easily
world bank
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Distributed US$65 billion in loans and grantsImposes strict conditions on loans and grantsControversially, all World Bank presidents have been US citizens
WTO
1995 - Took over from the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradePromotes trade liberalisation e.g., for manufactured good
Failed to stop the USA and EU from subsidising their own food producers which hinders farmers in LDCs
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