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To what extent do cognitive biases influence memory recall when…
To what extent do cognitive biases influence memory recall when individuals are exposed to contrasting perspectives.
Context
"Memory, in its essence, serves as the foundation upon which we build our experiences and learn from them, allowing us to navigate the intricate web of human interactions and interpret the world around us"
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Research in cognitive neuropsychology showed that memory as a reconstructive process can at times be prone to errors or distortions involving a disruption in one or more of the stages (encoding, consolidation, retrieval), and deficits in one or more brain structures, which makes people more susceptible to false memories. Lentor
If there's errors in encoding, consolidation, and the retrieval process of memory it can lead to errors and blanks in one's memory. If there's something wrong with your brain structure it can also be the reason for forgetfulness and distortions.
“Participants who received relevant knowledge or cues before listening to the passages and therefore had prior knowledge available showed improved comprehension and better recall compared to participants who either did not receive cues or received the contextual knowledge only after hearing the passages.”
This shows how if you have prior knowledge on a subject you are most likely to remember the information. Relates to history. We learn about our history so we are more likely to remember that version.
"Confirmation bias. Our tendency to seek and interpret memories in a way that confirms our prior hypotheses or personal beliefs."( Cunff )
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Eyewitnesses tend to remember incomplete or false events, as well as particular facts incorrectly.
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Counterclaim
Prior knowledge can also protect older adults from reproducing erroneous (misleading) facts about the world.
Prior knowledge can be good and bad it can be manipulative but as well can help your memory not get manipulated works both ways.
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Rebuttal
“In all of the studies described in this article, memory changed after events were encoded and stored. Because people usually take a perspective in telling a story or recounting a set of events,the effects reported in this paper are probably quite pervasive.” (pg 19)
So even after memories have reached the final stage / after memories have been stored they can still change and be shaped by the more information you hear about that specific topic even if that information is not true.
Investigation of memory bias and depression has consistently found evidence
of a strong bias to recall negative, especially self-referential, information.
However, memory is a social and cooperative activity since encoding and recall often occur in social interaction contexts
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People with depression don't remember things in a balanced way but rather the majority negative. This bias causes you to only focus on the negative.
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