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Early Childhood Development (Ages 0-2) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Typically, 2-years-olds are half their adult height.
    - - Birthweight doubles by 4 months and triples by a year.
  - - - Gross motor skills involve deliberate actions coordinating many body parts for large movements. These skills emerge from reflexes and follow a cephalocaudal (head-down) and proximodistal (center-out) direction.
        
        Cephalocaudal and proximodistal progression.
        
        Sitting, crawling, walking.
    - - Fine motor skills involve deliberate small body movements, especially finger movements.
        
        Pincer Movement: Using thumb and forefinger to pick up tiny objects
  - - - The sense of touc is highly developed.
      - Soothing methods include wrapping, rubbing, massaging, and cradling.
    - - Adapt to social context.
      - Babies learn to appreciate what their parents eat through amniotic fluid, breast milk, and family dinners
    - - Newborns are legally blind; they focus on things between 4 and 30 inches (10 and 75 centimeters) away.
    - - The sense of hearing develops during pregnancy
      - At birth, sounds trigger reflexes
      - Familiar, rhythmic sounds are soothing
      - Newborn hearing is routinely checked, as deaf infants benefit from early remediation.
      - Singing reduces infant distress, even if the singer is off-key.
  - - - Breast milk is sterile, more digestible, and rich in nutrients
    - - Malnutrition occurs when a person does not consume enough food to sustain normal growth. It can manifest in two main way
        
        Stunting: Being too short for one's age
        
        Wasting: Being severely underweight for one's age and height.
    - - Immunization primes the body's immune system to resist a particular disease. "Immunization is said to have had a greater impact on human mortality reduction and population growth then any other public health intervention besides clean water."
    - - Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is when a seemingly healthy infant, usually between 2 and 6 months, dies unexpectedly in their sleep.
        
        Risk Factors
        
        Low birthweight
        
        Winter season
        
        Being male
        
        Exposure to cigarettes
        
        Soft blankets or pillows in the crib
        
        Bed-sharing
        
        Crib bumpers
        
        Respiratory infections
        
        Physical abnormalities (in the brainstem, heart, mitochondria, or microbiome).
        
        Stomach-sleep is proven and replicated risk factor.
- - - - Stage One: Reflexes (birth to 1 month): Reflexes such as sucking, grasping, staring, and listening.
      - Stage Two: First Acquired Adaptations (1-4 months): Adaptation includes repeating old patterns (assimilation) and developing new ones (accommodation).
      - Stages Three and Four: Secondary Circular Reactions
        These reactions move beyond the infant's body and involve interactions with external objects.
      - Stage Three (4 to 8 months)
        Infants try to prolong exciting experience
      - Stage Four (8 months to 1 year)
        Babies may ask for help to achieve what they want through
      - Stages Five and Six: Tertiary Circular Reactions
        Infants experiment in deed and thought during their second year, acting first and thinking later.
      - Stage Five (12 to 18 months)
        Toddlers engage in goal-directed and purposeful activities
      - Stage Six (18 to 24 months)
        Toddlers use mental combinations, which involves intellectual experimentation via imagination.