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Bone health, Major Minerals, Magnesium is needed for..., replacing an…

- - - - plays a role in....
        
        Functional purposes
        
        manufactures...
        
        platelets
        
        WBC
        
        RBC
        
        in the bone marrow
        
        Structural purposes
        
        bone attaches...
        
        muscles to itself
        
        bone allows for...
        
        chewing
      - Factors which affects bone health
        
        Genetics
        
        Lifestyle
        
        Hormones
        
        Nutrients
      - is measured by...
        
        bone density
    - - Bone is...
        
        Strong
        
        Flexible
    - - Mineral
        
        Hydroxyapatite
      - Organic
        
        Protein collagen
- - - - Hormonal-action
        
        is when
        
        skin is exposed to sunlight
        
        particularly
        
        in the summer
        
        involve
        
        endogenous or internal sources
        
        Inactive form is vitamin D3
        
        Active form is Calcitriol
        
        which can
        
        raise blood calcium levels
        
        1 more item...
        
        Factors affecting Vitamin D synthesis
        
        Darker skin colours
        
        as they
        
        Require more sun exposure to produce the same amount of Vitamin D
        
        Aging
        
        because
        
        Vitamin D synthesis declines with age
        
        Air pollution
        
        which can
        
        Reduce the amount of UV radiation exposure on the skin
        
        High latitude
        
        which limits
        
        Vitamin D synthesis to summer months (May to September)
        
        Winter season
        
        as the
        
        Vitamin D synthesis is limited in Vancouver (October to April)
        
        More exposure time
        
        leads to
        
        increased synthesis
      - Vitamin-action
        
        involve
        
        exogenous or dietary source
        
        is when
        
        the vitamin is consumed through diet
    - - include
        
        Bone mineralization
        
        by enhancing...
        
        Immune function
        
        involving
        
        the maturation of immune cells
    - - have consequences in
        
        adults
        
        leads to
        
        Osteomalacia (soft bones) Disease
        
        occurs when
        
        the osteoid (protein matrix) doesn't mineralize well and accumulates
        
        1 more item...
        
        children
        
        leads to
        
        Rickets disease
        
        which is
        
        characterized by improper mineralization and shaping of bones
        
        1 more item...
    - - mainly caused by
        
        excessive supplement intake
        
        which leads to
        
        health consequences
        
        such as
        
        hypercalcemia (high blood calcium levels)
        
        1 more item...
    - - primarily
        
        animal-based foods
        
        such as
        
        egg yolks
        
        liver
        
        fish
        
        certain supplements
        
        like
        
        fish oil
        
        highly advisable
        
        in particular
        
        1 more item...
        
        fortified foods
        
        such as
        
        fortified milk
        
        margarine
        
        orange juice
        
        yogurt
  - - - risk for
        
        Infants
        
        who are
        
        born with low levels due to low gut bacteria
        
        Adults
        
        is rare
        
        due to
        
        antibiotic use
        
        but exceptions include
        
        2 more items...
    - - Rare
        
        however
        
        excessive use can hinder anti-coagulant drugs (e.g., Warfarin)
        
        symptoms including
        
        red blood cell hemolysis
        
        Jaundice
        
        Brain damage
    - - Calcium mineralization of bone
        
        needed for
        
        osteoblasts to produce osteocalcin
        
        which is
        
        a calcium-binding hormone
        
        that promotes
        
        1 more item...
      - Blood clotting (koagulation)
        
        by acting as a
        
        coenzyme
        
        for the
        
        synthesis of fibrin
        
        which is
        
        1 more item...
        
        acting as a
        
        Vitamin K
        
        Essential in the blood clotting procedure prior to Calcium
    - - Food Sources
        
        Plant-Based
        
        include
        
        kale
        
        spinach
        
        peas
        
        broccoli
        
        green beans
        
        Animal-Based
        
        such as
        
        liver
        
        eggs
        
        cow milk
      - Non-Food Source
        
        includes
        
        abundance in diet
        
        via
        
        bacterial synthesis in the large intestine
- - - - Roles
      - Role in Health
        
        includes...
        
        treating dental caries
        
        through...
        
        filling in
        surface micro-lesions
    - - Too much (Toxicity)
        
        could lead to...
        
        Fluorosis
        
        where...
        
        teeth becomes more resistant to decay
        
        but...
        
        1 more item...
        
        Bone and joint problems
        
        like...
        
        causing brittle bones
        
        stiffness and pain in joints
        
        abnormal hardening of the skeleton
        
        is seen in...
        
        children who ingest...
        
        large amounts of toothpaste
        
        excess fluoride drops
      - Too little (Deficiency)
        
        could lead to...
        
        dental problems
        
        causing...
        
        inability to chew properly
        
        which means...
        
        1 more item...
        
        People at risk of deficiency
        
        includes...
        
        people in areas
        
        where...
        
        water supplies have low fluoride
        
        1 more item...
      - Effectiveness
        
        is maximised when...
        
        Fluoride is taken before...
        
        teeth is erupted from the gums
    - - Animal
        
        includes...
        
        Sardines
        
        Seaweed
        
        Shellfish
      - Plant
        
        includes...
        
        Brewed Tea
- - - - Tofu made with calcium salt
      - cheddar cheese
      - Milk
      - Sardines
      - Yogurt(plain)
  - - - Absorption in duodenum
        
        due to...
        
        slight acidity increases solubility
      - Younger people
        
        due to...
        
        being better absorbers
      - Lactose
        
        by...
        
        forming an absorption complex
      - Vitamin D
        
        due to...
        
        vitamin D active form calcitriol
        
        helps...
        
        absorb more calcium
        
        by...
        
        1 more item...
      - Proportional to needs
        
        therefore...
        
        children absorb 50%
        
        to meet...
        
        growth needs
    - - decreased by...
        
        High fibre diet
        
        due to...
        
        Phytic acid(grains/legumes)
        
        because...
        
        all can bind to calcium in intestine lowering bioavailability
        
        Oxalic Acid(vegetables)
        
        Polyphenols
        
        due to...
        
        chlorogenic acid(in coffee)
        
        tannins(in tea)
        
        Old age
        
        due to..
        
        decreased stomach acidity
        
        therefore...
        
        decreased efficient absorbance in old age
        
        Menopause
        
        due to...
        
        lowered estrogen levels
        
        which means...
        
        no active form of Vitamin D
        
        1 more item...
        
        High fat intake
        
        leads to...
        
        steatorrhea
        
        Vitamin D deficiency
  - - - In conjunction with....
        
        Phosphorus
        
        to form...
    - - Calcium along with Thromboplastin
        
        forms...
        
        blood platelets
        
        which is...
        
        crucial in production of Fibrin
        
        all of this...
        
        1 more item...
    - - starts by...
        
        Sodium-Potassium ATPase pump lets ions across membrance
        
        therefore...
        
        Action potential is produced
        
        therefore...
        
        Ions flow into nerve cell
    - - Intake of 1000mg/day
        
        starts...
        
        to increase blood pressure
        
        leading to...
        
        Hypertension
  - - - people with kidney disease
        
        due to...
        
        Hyperparathyroidism
        
        which is...
        
        Over production of parathyroid hormone
        
        therefore...
        
        1 more item...
    - - yes as they pair well together and Vitamin D really helps Calcium absorption
        
        but...
        
        only if your diet keeps it both UL levels
        
        as it can lead to...
- - - - Bones and Teeth
        
        Bone
        
        Magnesium contributes to...
        
        the mineral structure of bone
        
        is a reservoir of...
        
        Magnesium
        
        Teeth
        
        Reduces...
        
        dental caries
        
        by. holding..
        
        Calcium in teeth
      - Blood and Tissue
        
        Tissue
        
        Magnesium is required for...
        
        Neurotransmitter activity
        
        Neural transmission and Muscle contraction with phosphorus
        
        allows for...
        
        1 more item...
        
        because...
        
        Magnesium blocks Calcium ion channel
        
        1 more item...
        
        Blood
        
        Blood clotting
        
        Magnesium inhibits...
        
        blood clotting
        
        since...
        
        1 more item...
      - Hypertension
        
        Vasodilator
  - - - includes...
        
        Whole grains
        
        Nuts
        
        Legumes
    - - includes...
        
        Milk
        
        Yoghurt
        
        Halibut
  - - - No known toxicity
        
        for...
        
        high Mg intakes from foods
    - - could lead to...
        
        Weakness, disorientation, irritability
        
        because...
        
        Magnesium contributes to nerve function
        
        Tetany
        
        because...
        
        Magnesium indirectly affects calcium balance
        
        too little means...
        
        lower blood calcium levels
        
        1 more item...
        
        Irregular Heartbeats
        
        because...
        
        Magnesium is required for neurotransmissions
        
        without Magnesium...
        
        neurotransmissions to the heart can be affected.
        
        Hypertension
        
        because...
        
        Magnesium lowers blood pressure
        
        by acting as a...
        
        vasodilator
      - People at risk of deficiency
        
        includes...
        
        Canadian adults who have..
        
        suboptimal intakes for Magnesium
- - - - And makes up...
        
        1% of total body weight
        
        Mostly in the form of...
        
        phosphate salt
  - - - at 60-90% of all dietary intake
  - - - Forms...
        
        Hydroxyapatite crystals
        
        Which are...
        
        Deposited on protein-based collagen matrix of bones
        
        And serves to...
        
        Provide strength and rigidity to bone tissues
        
        gets one hydroxyl group replaced by...
        
        Fluoride
        
        to form...
        
        The stronger fluorapatite crystals found in bones and teeth
    - - which includes...
        
        A Buffer System
        
        Derived from...
        
        Free phosphate in cells and bloodstream
        
        Which also serves to...
        
        Form...
        
        1 more item...
        
        Build...
        
        1 more item...
        
        activate...
        
        1 more item...
        
        Fluid Balance
        
        Where...
        
        Phosphorus is the major intracellular anionic electrolyte
        
        and contributes to...
        
        Maintaining a proper electrical and fluid balance in the body
  - - - Due to high amounts commonly available in a balanced diet
        
        however symptoms can include...
        
        Neuromuscular, skeletal, hematological, and renal malfunctioning
  - - - Animal protein foods
        
        such as...
        
        Meat, fish, poultry, milk and diary products
      - Plant sources
        
        such as...
        
        legumes, cereal, bran, and nuts
      - Soda pop (~75mg/355 mL)
- - - - 1 in 4 women past 50 years old
        
        due to...
        
        menopause
        
        therefore...
        
        decreased estrogen levels
        
        meaning...
        
        1 more item...
      - 1 in 8 men past 50 years old
        
        due to...
        
        decreased testosterone levels
        
        therefore...
        
        decreased bone formation
    - - Genetics
        
        crucial role in bone growth
        
        due to...
        
        influence on peak bone mass and rate of bone loss
      - Body Weight
        
        underweight women
        
        have...
        
        an increased risk for osteoporosis
        
        due to...
        
        lower bone density
      - Physical Activity
        
        weight-bearing exercise is increases bone strength
      - Smoking and Alcohol
        
        Smoking
        
        Smokers are smaller in body weight
        
        and...
        
        female smokers reach menopause sooner
        
        therefore...
        
        1 more item...
        
        Alcohol
        
        Alcoholics
        
        tend to...
        
        have lower bone density
        
        and...
        
        1 more item...
        
        is...
        
        toxic to bones
      - How is calcium affected by other non-nutrient and nutrients in food
        
        Caffeine
        
        Lose 2-3mg of Calcium for 1 cup of coffee
        
        Sodium
        
        Lose 40 mg of Calcium per 1 gram Sodium
        
        Protein
        
        Lose 1-2 mg of calcium per 1 gram of protein
      - Common Strategies for Reducing Fractures
        
        For Young women
        
        Regular ovulation/menstruation
        
        and...
        
        active lifestyle(not excessive)
        
        and...
        
        1 more item...
        
        For women and menopause
        
        adequate intake of bone health nutrients
        
        and...
        
        active/healthy lifestyle choices
        
        and...
        
        1 more item...
        
        For adults
        
        adequate intake of bone health nutrients
        
        and...
        
        active lifestyle
        
        and...
        
        1 more item...
- - - - not storing enough calcium when they were younger
        
        therefore...
        
        they get osteoporosis when calcium levels drop below a certain level