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BONE HEALTH, Deficiency - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Bone formation
        
        through
        
        Mineral crustal aggregates along the protein matrix
      - Bone maintenance
      - Muscle contractions
        
        based on
        
        Calcium levels
      - Reduces hypertension
        
        through
        
        DASH diet (adequate calcium)
      - Blood clotting
        
        by
        
        Fibrin synthesis
    - - Caused by
        
        Hyperparathyroidism
        
        Parathyroid hormone retains Ca2+ in blood
      - Effect
        
        Hypercalcemia
        
        Ca+ in soft tissues(ex. Kidneys, Heart, Arteries)
        
        can lead to
        
        Irreversible damages
      - most susceptible
        
        Those with kidney disease
    - - Highest risk
        
        Elderly
        
        1 in 4 woman
        
        1 in 8 men
        
        Woman in Menopause
      - Osteoporosis
        
        risk from
        
        Smoking
        
        Alcohol
        
        Activity levels
        
        Strategies to reduce risk
        
        Lifestyle
        
        Weight bearing exercises
        
        Quit smoking, drinking
        
        adequate intake of Vit. D, Mg, Fluride
      - Supplementation when
        
        low levels of Ca2+
    - - Milk products
      - tofu w/Ca2+ based salt
      - CCM(Calcium Citrate Malate)
    - - Increased by
        
        Vitamin D
        
        Lactose
        
        Estrogen
      - Decreased by
        
        High fibre diets
        
        Magnesium
        
        Oxalic acid
        
        High fat intake
        
        Polyphenols
        
        Menopause
        
        Aging
  - - - provides
        
        strength
        
        as Hydroxyapatite crystals
        
        rigidity
      - Fluid balance
        
        through
        
        anionic electrolyte
      - acts as
        
        buffer in blood
      - Needed within Phospholipids
    - - uncommon in North America
    - - No true Toxicity traits
      - indirect trait
        
        Decreased Ca2+ absorption
    - - Milk products
      - Animal proteins
      - Legumes, cereals, bran and nuts
    - - Increased by
        
        Vitamin D
        
        In intestines
      - Decreased by
        
        Phytic acid
        
        found in
        
        Legumes
        
        Whole grains
  - - - used in
        
        Mineral Crystal in bone structure
        
        reducing dental carries
        
        holds Ca2+ in place
      - within
        
        Blood and Tissue
        
        for
        
        blood clotting
        
        neurotransmitter activity
      - acts as
        
        Vasodilator, minimizing hypertension
        
        lowering rate of heart disease
    - - No adverse symptoms
    - - Plants(Chlorophyl)
      - Milk Products
      - Hard Water
  - - - Reduces dental carries
        
        replaces Ca2+ in hydroxyapatite
        
        replaces Ph in hydroxyapatite
      - Bone mineralization
      - Teeth mineralization
    - - those at risk
        
        People with dental problems
        
        Places with low Fluoride water supply
    - - Fluorosis
        
        Symptoms
        
        White specks
        
        Discolouration on teeth
      - Those at risk
        
        People with dental carries
    - - Water
      - Seafood
      - Seaweed
- - - - by
        
        inhibiting osteoclast activity
        
        increasing Ca2+ excretions by kidneys
- - - - Regulating blood calcium
      - Regulating blood mineralization
      - Maintains
        
        Immune function
    - - Results in
        
        Rickets in children
        
        Bowed legs/knock-knees
        
        Osteomalacia in adults
        
        results in softer bones
      - adults over 50 are advised to supplement
        
        extra 10mg/day
        
        due to diseases that decrease frequency
    - - Caused by
        
        Sun exposure
        
        Food intake
        
        Supplements
      - Effects
        
        Hypercalcemia
      - Most susceptible
        
        Children under high supplementation
    - - when skin is exposed to sun
    - - Calcitriol(pro-active, dietary)
        
        active at
        
        bones
        
        stimulates
        
        osteoclast cells releasing calcium
        
        kidneys
        
        decreases calcium excretion
        
        intestines
        
        increases calcium absorption
      - activated in liver
        
        transported to cells
      - Increase Ca2+ absorption
    - - Egg yolks, fish oils
      - Fortified foods
      - Supplements
      - Lactose enhances absorption
    - - Skin colour
      - Age
      - Pollution
      - Latitude(May through September)
  - - - Calcium mineralization of the bone
        
        through
        
        Osteocalcin
      - Blood clotting
    - - highest risk in
        
        Infants
        
        Adults who
        
        use antibiotics
        
        have fat malabsorption disorder
        
        intake excess Vitamin E
    - - Uncommon
      - effects
        
        Anticoagulant drug effect
      - Symptoms
        
        Hemolysis
        
        Jaundice
        
        Brain damage
    - - Leafy veggies
      - Eggs
      - Cows milk
- - - - Hydroxyapatite(crystal)
      - Calcium(major)
      - Phosphorous(major)
- - - - bone mineral density
    - - Osteoporosis