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ADHF - Coggle Diagram
ADHF
Etiology & Risk Factors
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Non-Cardiac Causes:
•Infection, anemia, thyroid disorders.
•Renal dysfunction, medication non-adherence.
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Diagnostic Workup
Physical Examination:
•Heart sounds (S3, S4).
•Lung sounds (crackles, wheezing).
Blood Tests:
•BNP & NT-proBNP (elevated in heart failure).
•Troponins (rule out myocardial infarction).
•Renal & liver function tests.
Imaging
•Echocardiography → Gold standard for LV function.
•Chest X-ray → Pulmonary congestion, cardiomegaly.
•ECG → Arrhythmias, ischemic changes.
Clinical Presentation
Symptoms
•Severe dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
•Fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance.
Signs
•Pulmonary congestion: Fine crackles.
•Peripheral edema.
•Elevated jugular venous pressure (JVP).
•Hypotension in severe cases.
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Management
رد•Oxygen Therapy: Improve oxygenation, CPAP/BiPAP if needed.
•Diuretics (Loop Diuretics - Furosemide): Reduce fluid overload.
• Vasodilators (Nitroglycerin, Nitroprusside): Reduce afterload & preload.
•Inotropes (Dobutamine, Milrinone): Improve cardiac output in hypotensive patients.
• Morphine: Reduce anxiety & venous congestion (Use with caution).
•Beta-Blockers: Continued if stable; stopped if decompensated.
•ACE Inhibitors/ARBs: Improve survival & reduce afterload.
• Aldosterone Antagonists: Used in severe heart failure.
Monitoring & Prognosis
•Vital Signs: BP, HR, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation.
•Urine Output: Indicates renal perfusion.
• Electrolytes & Renal Function: Adjust diuretics accordingly.
•BNP Levels: Assess treatment response.
Complications
Cardiogenic shock.
•Multi-organ failure (renal, hepatic dysfunction).
• Arrhythmias (AF, VT, VF).
•Pulmonary edema.
•Thromboembolism (DVT, stroke).
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