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Cardiac surgeries 1,2 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiac surgeries 1,2
- Valve Disorders & Surgeries
🔹 Types of Valve Disorders
- Stenosis (Narrowing, pressure overload)
- Regurgitation (Incomplete closure, backflow of blood)
🔹 Causes of Valve Diseases
Rheumatic fever
Congenital defects
Degenerative changes (calcification, torn leaflets, aging)
🔹 Effects of Valve Dysfunction
•Mitral valve regurgitation → Left atrial overload & dilation
•Aortic valve regurgitation → Pulmonary congestion, low cardiac output
•Mitral stenosis → High left atrial pressure, pulmonary congestion, decreased LV output
🔹 Valvular Surgeries
- Valvuloplasty (Valve Repair)
•Annuloplasty → Used for regurgitation, reshapes leaflets
•Commissurotomy → Used for stenosis, relieves constriction
- Valve Replacement
Indicated when valvuloplasty is not possible (e.g., severe calcification)
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- Postoperative Care & Complications
🔹 Immediate ICU Care
•Cardiac monitoring (ECG, arterial & pulmonary pressure, cardiac output)
•Ventilator support
•Pulse oximetry & breath sounds assessment
•Monitor chest tube drainage & signs of air leaks
•Neurological assessment
🔹 Incision Care
Normal: Slightly bloody/yellow drainage for 2 weeks
Signs of infection: Redness, foul-smelling drainage, persistent fever
No oils/creams on incision unless prescribed
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🔹 Sternal Precautions
No pushing with arms when getting out of bed/chair
Avoid bending forward excessively
Wear loose clothing
- Patient Education & Lifestyle Changes
🔹 Diet & Medications
•Low cholesterol, low fat, low salt
•Monitor Vitamin K intake if on anticoagulants
•Pain management: Paracetamol 500–1000 mg every 6 hours
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- Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
🔹 Indications for CABG
Left main stenosis > 50%
Three-vessel disease with EF < 50%
Significant ischemia on stress testing
Multi-vessel disease not amenable to PCI
🔹 Conduits for CABG
Saphenous Vein Graft (SVG) – Most commonly used
Left Internal Mammary Artery (LIMA) – Preferred for LAD bypass
Radial Artery – Harvested from non-dominant hand
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- Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) & Intraoperative Care
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- Indications for Cardiac Surgery
•Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
•Valvular Disease
•Congenital Heart Diseases
•Heart Transplantation
- Potential Complications of Cardiac Surgery
•Cardiac Tamponade
•Myocardial Infarction
•Heart Failure
•Renal Failure
•Electrolyte Imbalance
•Hypovolemia