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Pathology, Scope - Coggle Diagram
Pathology
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Cell injury
Causes
[PIG CHIN]
- Hypoxia
- Chemical agents
- Physical agents
- Infectious agents
- Immunological reaction
- Genetic factors
- Nutritional imbalances
Mechanisms
[DOC. MA]
- ATP depletion
- Mitochondrial damage
- Oxidative stress
- Defects in membrane permeability
- Calcium influx
Types
Reversible
key 🗝️ features
Cell swelling, fatty change, mitochondrial swelling, detachment of ribosomes, membrane blebbing
Irreversible
🗝️ key features
Membrane damage, nuclear changes like pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis. Mitochondrial disfunction, lysosomal enzyme leakage.
Types
Necrosis
intro
Localised area of death of tissue followed later by degradation of tissue by hydrolytic enzymes liberated from dead cells.
It is invariably accompanied by inflammatory reaction.
Types
Coagulative necrosis
basics:
Most common type of necrosis
Ghost cells/ tomb stones ( architectural outlines persists but cellular and nuclear details are lost)
causes:
Ischemia due to thrombosis or embolism in all organs except brain.
Mild burns, etc
features:
- Tomb stones
- Swelling & eosinophilic cytoplasm
- Nuclear changes
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Cellular adaptations
Introduction
- Cells adapt to stress or changes to their environment to maintain homeostasis
- Adaptations are reversible functional and structural responsive to physiological stress and pathological stress during which new but altered steady state are achieved allowing the shape to survive and continue to function
Normal cells in homeostasis --->
Physiological and pathological stress--->
Cellular adaptation (reversible on withdrawal of stimulus)
Scope
Diagnostic pathology
Role: essential for diagnosing diseases through the examination of tissues cells and body fluids Techniques:
- Histopathology (biopsy)
- Cytopathology ( pap smear for cervical cancer )
- Hematology
- Clinical chemistry ( biochemical markers )
- Microbiology (infectious agents )
- Immuno pathology
Research in pathology
Role: pathologist contribute to medical research by studying diseases mechanisms, developing new diagnostic tools and discovering treatment.
Forensic pathology
Role: forensic pathologist investigate the cause of death in cases of suspicious or unexplained death.
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