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Drawing on theories of post feminism, masculinity and/or queer history…
Drawing on theories of post feminism, masculinity and/or queer history analyse the popular belief that ‘masculinity is in crisis’. Ground your analysis using examples of history or popular culture
Creating masculinity
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interests in gender order, upheld by violence
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more than biology - socially, culturally, and polttically constructed
connected to white, middle-class men
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Crisis of masculinity? Masculinity effective as it is constantly presented itself as threatened and in crisis. Ivan Jablonka – historically based on political crisis or material formation – counter-backlash to revitalise society.
Rita Segato – gender in colonial patriarchal system – colonialism crafted patriarchy - pedagogy of cruelty - horizontal and vertical
critiques of essentailism, ambiguity, reifaction, subject, pattern / subject, not taking into account how it coopts elements of subordinated masculinities
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Drag
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shows not just gender, but also sex as unstable
Heller (2020, 7) – subversive political aspect – breaking down hegemonic via performance
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Kings
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"we shift from talking about drag kings as embodying female masculinity to talking about drag kings as engaging feminist masculinities."
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use drag to forge personal and collective identities that are neither masculine nor feminine, but rather their own complex genders
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Feminism
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decolonial feminisms
Race, gender and capitalism came into relation together
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Colonial imagination, sexual deviance and control – easy to control essentialist ideas unlike reality.
postfeminisms
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sensibility - body power, surveillance, makeover paradigm etc
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Sexuality
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Chauncey - Myth of Invisibility, Myth of Isolation, Myth of Internalisation
John D’Emilo - modern gay/lesbian identities are product of capitalism development based on Wage/consumption, and breaking family /units
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homsexuality seen as natural part of manly expression whilst also upholding hegemonic homophobic discourse
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Defining masculinity
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Gender based on power, production relations & cathexis
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Normative definitions – “masculinity is what men ought to be” – is it a norm if hardly anyone meets it?
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Masculinity studies as seperate from feminist & sexuality studies due to modernist social constructionist perspective which means it remains with gender categories and that gender creates sexuality
Masculinity operates in a context – articulates embodied practices, objects and technologies that make it legible as manly in space and time. It becomes naturalised, unchallenged, but exaggerating can show artificiality. It changes through time.
Masculinities
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Pattern of practice (domination), distinguished from other models of masculinity (subordinated), patriarchy dividends (benefits), abstract concept (desirable more than stable), new forms replace old.
Media has prompt highly racialised of ideas of masculinity as dangerous to demonise certain male bodies (in contrast with other ones)
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new hegemonic masculinity is corporate masculinity - younger might be held back by corporate pressures etc (crisis?) - lack of threat even with movements
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“This threat is embodied by four figures: the loser, the Jew, the Black and the homosexual”
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“The masculinity of domination is therefore constructed as a threefold violence against women, 'lesser men' and boys.”
Education
Jessica Ringrose - moral panic over males, male attainment in education also grown, can still get jobs - real issue is weath & ethnicity - media focuses on male attainment and ignores womens issues e.g. sexual harassment
Michael Ward - boiz - trying to prove hegemonic identity but 1/3 did go to uni so proves exagerrated
Mitsos and Browne - hegemonic masculinity has idea of studying as effemiate - harder to get job as industry changed & women in work, imapcting male confidence, crisis of male identity
Debbie Epstein or Becky Francis - laddish subcultures - reject effeminate for hegemonic - caused by feminisation of education & peer pressure - detrimental to education attainment
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