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sci final exam, Macromolecules is a large molecules that from when smaller…
sci final exam
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Funncion
The Cell Theory
The cell is the smallest unit of life.
All new cells come from pre-existing cells (old cell).
All living things are made of one or more cells.
The Main Ingredient
The main ingredient in any cell is water.
It makes up more than 70 % of a cell’s volume
Water is made from two hydrogen atoms and
one oxygen atom (H2O).
In addition to making up a large part of the
inside of cells, water also surrounds cells.
Structure of Water (H2O)
,The molecular structure of water makes it suitable for dissolving many other substances.
Macromolecules
There are four types of macromolecules in cells
Nucleic acid
RNA
RNA is used to make a protien
DNA
DNA is used to make RNA
The order of nucleotides is important as it gives genetic information to a cell.
Nucleic acids are made from nucleotides joined together.
Proteins
Large molecules required for almost everything a cell does are proteins.
Proteins are long chains of amino
acid molecules.
Protein Functions
Cell communication.
Transporting substances.
Breaking down nutrients in food.
Structural support.
Lipids
Have a three type Phospholipid, triglyceride, Colesterol
Lipid Functions
• Lipids are used to store energy (fat) and for cell communication.
Carpohydrate
Carbohydrate are sugar
One sugar molecule, or a chain of sugar molecules make up carbohydrates.
Have a 3 type
Starches
Fibre
Sugars
Carbohydrate Functions
Carbohydrates store energy and provide structural support.
Sugars and starches are carbohydrates that store energy.
Cellulose is a carbohydrate in the cell walls in plants that provides
structural support.
Cells
All living things are made up of
one or more cells.
Cells come in many shapes and
sizes.
The size and shape of a cell relates
to its job or function.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a soft, protective layer that shields the cell from its surroundings. It’s made mostly of proteins and phospholipids.
Cell wall
Some cells have a sturdy cell wall that provides shape, support, and protection. It is found in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists.
Cytoplasm and the Cytoskeleton
The cytoplasm is a fluid inside the cell that holds most of the cell's water. It also contains the cytoskeleton, a network of proteins that shapes the cell and helps it move.
Cell Appendages
Flagella
• Flagella (singular, flagellum) are long, tail-like appendages that move a
cell.
Cilia
They can move a cell or move molecules away from a cell.
Cell Types
Prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells have DNA that is not enclosed by a membrane. Most of them are single-celled organisms called prokaryotes, like bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells make up plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They have a nucleus that holds genetic material and contain organelles with specialized functions. These cells are usually larger than prokaryotic cells.
Cell Organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Organelles
Lysosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondrion
Golgi Apparatus
Chloroplast
The Nucleus
Moving Cellular
Material
Passive Transport
Passive transport is the movement of substances through a cell
membrane without using the cell’s energy (ATP).
Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of substances through a
cell membrane by using the cell’s energy (ATP).
Cells and Energy
Cellular Respiration
Reactions in the Mitochondria
Reactions in the Cytoplasm
Cells and Energy
Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation.
Alcohol fermentation.
Photosynthesis
Classifying and Exploring Life
Characteristics of Life
organization
Growth and Development
Homoustasis
Reproduction
Use for energy
Responseto stimuli
Classifying Organisms
Determining Kingdoms
Order
Family
Class
Geneus
Phylum
Specise
Kingdom
Plantae
Eukarya
fungi
Eukarya
Protista
Eukarya
Animalia
Eukarya
Monera
Bacteria
Archaea
Classification Tools – Cladograms
A cladogram is a branched
diagram.
Cell to Organism
Levels of
Organization
Unicellular Organisms
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Multicellular Organisms
Tissues to
Organs
Organs
Organ Systems
Plant Organs
Plant Organ Systems
Macromolecules is a large molecules that from when smaller molecules join together.