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TOPIC THREE : GLOBALISATION - Coggle Diagram
TOPIC THREE : GLOBALISATION
PERSPECTIVES
McGrew distinguished 3 theoretical accounts of globalisation
NEOLIBERAL : worldwide extension of capitalism [free market] which can lead to economic growth, eradicate poverty [due to "trickle down effect"] and spread democracy, western values are essential in a globalised world
RADICALS : global spread of capitalism is negative as it widens the inequality gap, based on structural violence [Galtung] as groups can be exploited by systematic denial of their rights, cultural imperialism [Western values] , North's wealth is based on intensifying the poverty of the South, Hoogvelt geographical boundaries no longer relevant
TRANSFORMATIONALISTS : Cohen and Kennedy globalisation is important in development , creates cultural hybridisation [wasabi kitkat], glocalisation [adapted for local conditions], reverse cultural flows, can embrace positive aspects
TYPES
CULTURAL
Western culture is spread across the world [pop music, films]
cultural flows goes both ways [Bollywood movies in western mainstream cinemas]
Migration means increasing southern presence in developed countries
Transformationalists allows cultural hybridisation
some fear traditional culture will be replaced leading to cultural imperialism [generational gap]
Food [chinese, indian, italian resturants]
However some countries restrict cultural glob eg : 40% of french music on french radio, China blocks access to some foreign websites
Some cultural traditional are kept alive due to glob as tourists highly value authentic experience
POLITICAL
McGrew argues there has been a transformation of politics
Increased power of international bodies eg : WTO & EU
Hall argues national identitity has become important as a way of maintaining differences so nation state can be strengthened - As seen in 2016 Referendum
ECONOMIC
TNCs target global markets
Giddens - tech changes have allowed global communication, travel, trade
Frobel - New international division of labour : different stages of production can be done in different countries [manufacturing in developing countries and tertiary in MEDCs]
TNCs bring more jobs and investment into developing countries
Cheaper goods benefit international consumer [cheap labour in developing countries lower cost of prod]
Neo marxist "wage slaves" for capitalist system
Ethnocentric, polycentric or geocentric management of TNCs
Ritzer - mcdonalisation of production : efficiency, calculability, predictability, control
Hirst & Thompson - eco glob is a myth- closer to international econ to global econ
WINNERS
Neoliberals - everyone as economic growth will trickle down and increase stds of living for all in the long run
Klein [2000] argues TNCs as globalisation is a project by TNCs to further their own interests & profits
Sklair - transnational capitalist class -a glocal ruling class no longer tied to national boundaries
Saul focuses on positive aspects of globalisation after neoliberalism was challenged in the after the economic crisis such as setting up of international criminal court
LOSERS
Bottom billion [Collier] are made poorer and exploited for cheap labour
growth of consumerism resulting in environmental issues
Cohen and Kennedy - global losers = poor people miss out on benefits and widens the inequality gap
Sklair - native workers experience job losses due to TNCs
Terrorist organisations can become global - increasing terrorism eg 9/11