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Chapter 21: Viruses - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Clinical Human Testing
      - Effectiveness & Dosage
      - Cell Cultures & Animal Testing
      - Approval
      - Discovery
      - Manufacturing & Quality Control
    - - Attenuated "Live" Virus
      - "Killed" Virus
      - Molecular Subunits
    - - In Vitro Transcribed mRNA
      - Transfection
      - Endocytosis
      - Endosomal Escape of mRNA
      - Translation in Ribosome
      - Protein Release
      - MHC Class I Epitope Processing in ER
      - Presentation of Epitopes (Protein & MHC Class I Peptide)
      - Exogeneous Protein
      - Endocytosis of Exogeneous Protein
      - MHC Class II Epitope Processing
      - Presentation of Epitopes
    - - Caused Resurgence of Previously Controlled Viral Diseases
- - - - Magnification of 500,000x
      - Resolution of 0.05 nm
  - - - Obligatory Intracellular Parasites
  - - - Outer Protein Coat
    - - Single- or Double-Stranded
      - DNA
        
        Directs Host Cell to Make New Copies
      - Circular or Linear
      - Located in Virus Core
      - Segmented or Non-Segmented
      - Much Smaller Than Cell's Genome
      - RNA
        
        May be Directly Transcribed or Replicated First
        
        Use Error-Prone Enzymes
        
        Mutate More Frequently
    - - Membrane Covering Capsid (Not All Viruses)
  - - - Molecular
        
        Detects Genetic Material
        
        Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
      - Antigen
        
        Detects Proteins on Surface of Virus
        
        Immunoassay
        
        Binax Home Test
    - - Detects Antibodies
      - Determines Past Infection & Vaccination
      - Immunoassay
  - - - Devolution or Regressive
        
        Complex Free-Living Organisms Lost Genetic Material & Adapted to Parasitic Lifestyle
    - - Escapist or Progressive
        
        Pieces of RNA & DNA Escaped Host Cell & Gained Ability to Move Between Cells
    - - Virus First
        
        First Self-Replicating Entities Became More Organized & Complex Over Time
- - - - Spherical
      - Adenovirus
        
        Infects Respiratory Tract
        
        Non-Enveloped
        
        Glycoproteins (Carb & Protein) Determine Cell Range of Infection
    - - Membrane Surrounding Capsid
      - Non-Enveloped
        
        Adenovirus, Poliovirus, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis A
      - HIV Retrovirus
        
        Causes AIDS
        
        Reverse Transcribes RNA Genome into DNA
        
        Icosahedral
    - - Long, Thin, Worm-Like
    - - Infect Bacteria
      - Head Similar to Icosahedral
      - Tail Similar to Helical
      - Bacteriophage T4
        
        Infects Escherichia Coli
        
        DNA Genome
        
        dsDNA Viruses
  - - - Baltimore Classification
        
        IV Single-Stranded RNA (+)
        
        V Single-Stranded RNA (-)
        
        III Double-Stranded RNA
        
        VI Single-Stranded RNA (Reverse Transcriptase)
        
        II Single-Stranded DNA
        
        VII Double-Stranded DNA (Reverse Transcriptase)
        
        I Double-Stranded DNA
  - - - Some DNA Polymerases Replicate in Cytoplasm
  - - - RNA Polymerase Cannot Proofread
- - - - Bacteriophage DNA Enters Naked
      - Generally Endocytosis
      - Fusion with Membrane if Enveloped
    - - DNA
        
        Transcribe mRNA
        
        Make Viral Proteins
        
        Duplicate DNA for New Viral Genomes
      - RNA
        
        Make Complementary RNA
        
        Transcribe mRNA
        
        Make Viral Proteins
        
        Duplicate RNA for New Viral Genomes
      - RNA Retrovirus
        
        Reverse Transcribe RNA to DNA Using Reverse Transcriptase
        
        Incorporate DNA into Host Genome
        
        DNA Directs Synthesis & Assembly of New Viruses
    - - Host Receptors Bind to Capsid Proteins or Envelope Glycoproteins
      - Specific Receptor Molecules for Species & Cell Type
    - - Lysis & Death
      - Budding (No Direct Host Death)
- - - - Colds
      - Influenza
      - COVID-19
    - - Hepatitis C
    - - Herpes Simplex
        
        Remains in Nerve Tissue for Life
        
        Reactivation Causes Active Replication & Cell Lysis
    - - Human Herpesviruses
    - - Hepatitis B & C
      - Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
        
        Naked Icosahedral Capsid
        
        Double-Stranded DNA
        
        Sexually Transmitted
        
        Oncogenic for Cervical Cancer
- - - - Hypoplasia
        
        Thinned, Yellow Splotches on Leaves
      - Necrosis
        
        Dead, Blackened Stems, Leaves, or Fruit
      - Abnormal Growth Patterns
        
        Malformed Stems, leaves, or Fruit
      - Hyperplasia
        
        Galls & Tumors
      - Discoloration
        
        Yellow, Red, or Black Lines or Rings in Stems, Leaves, or Fruit
- - - - Scrapie (Sheep)
      - Chronic Wasting Disease (Deer, Moose, Elk)
      - Kuru (Spread by Cannibalism)
      - Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Humans)
      - Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)