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SBI3U Strand C: Evolution, Scientific explanation based on a large…
SBI3U Strand C: Evolution
Theory
Theorists
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
Uniformitarianism
The Earth's features were formed by gradual, ongoing geological processes over vast periods, providing a necessary timescale for evolution.
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Malthusianism
Population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of mankind is impossible without stern limits on reproduction.
Charles Darwin (1809-1884)
"On the Origin of Species"
Species are not fixed but change over time.
Organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits.
Key Principles
Struggle for Existence
Due to limited resources and environmental pressures, there is a struggle for survival among species.
Natural Selection
Individuals with traits that provide an advantage in their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to the next generation.
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Heritable traits can be passed down from parents to offspring.
Descent with Modification
Overtime, heritable variation accumulate, leading to the gradual modification of species and the emergence of new ones.
Variation
Individuals within a species exhibit variations in their traits, some of which are heritable.
"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex"
Human Vestigial Structures
Muscles of the ear, wisdom teeth, the appendix, tail bone, body hair, semilunar fold of eye.
His Observations
Galapagos Finches
Variations in beak shapes = adaptations to different food sources.
Also regarded as Divergent Evolution.
Peppered Moths
Industrial Revolution led to changes in colour of peppered moths in order to adapt with surroundings = natural selection
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
Organisms pass on traits acquired during their lifetimes to their offspring.
Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002) and Niles Eldredge (1944-present)
Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium
Evolution occurs in bursts of rapid change followed by long periods of stability, contrasting the gradualistic view of Darwinian evolution.
Richard Owen (1804-1892)
Convergent Evolution
Homologous Structures
Sharing a common ancestry and underlying structure.
Analogous Structures
Having similar functions, but evolved independently.
Aristotle c. 4 BCE
History of Animals
Early observation of vestigial structures: moles who were essentially blind still possessed eyes.
Technology
Artificial selection
Selective pressure exerted by humans on populations in order to improve or modify particular desirable traits.
Economy
Increased crop yields
Livestock/pet breeding market possibilities
Reduced costs as a result of efficiency
Environment
Ethical Concerns/Debates
Eugenics
Social Darwinism
Accidentally increasing susceptibility to diseases
Reduced adaptability to changing environments
Invasive species
Defined As:
The process of biological change over time based on the relationships between species and their environments.
Fundamental Concepts
Structure and Function
The interrelationship between the function or use of natural or human made object and the form that the object takes.
Systems and Interactions
Natural and human systems develop in response to, and are limited by, a variety of environmental factors.
Natural Selection
Artificial Selection
A system includes inputs, outputs, and relationships among system components.
A system is a collection of living and/or non living things and processes that interact to perform some function.
Coevolution: species in symbiotic relationships evolve together.
Sustainability and Stewardship
Sustainability: concept of meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Anthropocene: impact of human activities on the Earth's systems, including climate change and biodiversity loss.
Stewardship: involves the understanding that we need to use and care for the natural environment in a responsible way and making the effort to pass on to future generations no less than what we have access to ourselves.
Malthusianism
Using non-renewable resources with care; reusing and recycling what we can; switching to renewable resources when possible.
Change and Continuity
Change is the process of becoming different over time, and can be quantified.
Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium
Species are not fixed but change over time.
Continuity represents consistency and connectedness within and among systems over time.
Darwin's Gradualism
Interactions within and among systems result in change and variations in consistency.
Convergent Evolution
Scientific explanation based on a large accumulation of evidence
Enables humans to manipulate the development of species
Impact on...
