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Muscle and motility - Coggle Diagram
Muscle and motility
Adaptations for Movement in Organisms
Movement is universal in living organisms.
Motile species example: Fish (swimming via fins).
Swimming Adaptations in Marine Mammals
Streamlined body: Reduces drag.
Flippers: Modified limbs for propulsion.
Fluke (tail): Moves up & down for swimming.
Airway adaptations: Efficient breathing between dives.
Skeletons as Muscle Anchors & Levers
Exoskeleton (arthropods): External support, muscle anchorage.
Endoskeleton (vertebrates): Internal support, flexible movement.
Levers: Bones act as levers to enhance muscle force.
Sessile species example: Corals (use cilia for feeding).
Reasons for Locomotion
Foraging: Wolves hunt prey.
Escaping danger: Gazelles flee predators.
Finding mates: Peacocks display & move for courtship.
Migration: Monarch butterflies travel for breeding.
Movement in Humans
Muscle Contraction
Sarcomere contracts as actin & myosin filaments slide past each other.
Myosin heads bind to actin, pulling filaments closer → muscle contraction.
Titin: Prevents overstretching & recoils sarcomeres after contraction.
Antagonistic muscles: One muscle contracts while the other relaxes.
Motor unit: One motor neuron + multiple muscle fibers.
Neuromuscular junction: Site where neuron signals muscle contraction.
Skeletion and Joints
Movement at a Synovial Joint (Hip Joint Example)
Femur & pelvis form the joint.
Cartilage: Reduces friction.
Synovial fluid: Lubricates movement.
Ligaments: Stabilize joint.
Tendons: Connect muscles to bones.
Range of Motion in Joints
Measure angles with goniometer or computer analysis.
Compare flexibility in different planes of movement.
Antagonistic Action of Intercostal Muscles
External intercostals contract → Ribcage moves up (inhalation).
Internal intercostals contract → Ribcage moves down (exhalation).
Titin stores energy when muscles stretch for efficient breathing.
