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RELIGIOUS REFORMS, Lutheran and Catholic Doctrine's Differences -…
RELIGIOUS REFORMS
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CRISIS
The authority of the Catholic Church was being challenged.
Humanism emphasised the value of humans and promoted individual interpretation of the Bible.
The development of authoritarian monarchies meant that monarchs had more control over the Church, weakening the authority of the pope.
The buying and selling of indulgences was introduced
Living Humbly
The high clergy was very wealthy, and many believed that this was not consistent with the Christian doctrine of poverty.
Clergymen from noble and wealthy middle-class families owned large properties and benefited.
Correcting Moral Standards
Priests sometimes did not honour their religious vows, and they were not able to give proper spiritual guidance to their parishioners.
Preventing Corruption
Clergymen engaged in corrupt practices, such as simony and nepotism.
They Despite many people calling for reform, because the Church was resistant to change.
Catholic society believed that sin was the root of all evil: epidemics, wars, famine, etc.
The Church’s resistance to change, therefore, reinforced the perception that the Church needed to be reformed because of its sins.
Erasmus of Rotterdam, Cardinal Cisneros and more important figures called for changes so that the Church could become more modern.
But, others questioned the pope and the Church’s official doctrine.
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
The Lutheran Reformation
The first religious reform of the 16th century was started by the German friar Martin Luther who was opposed to Pope Leo X cause of his proposal to grant indulgences in exchange for money
Luther wrote his Ninety-five Theses criticising indulgences, thanks to the printing press, they were circulated widely.
The pope asked Luther to retract his theses, but he refused, so he was excommunicated and expelled from the Christian community.
Luther then developed his own doctrine based on individual Christianity.
Lutheran ideas spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire, so Emperor Carlos V intervened. He later condemned Lutheranism at two imperial assemblies: the Diet of Worms and the Diet of Speyer.
At this last assembly, six reformist princes and fourteen cities protested Luther’s condemnation. They became known as Protestants.
This marked the start of hostilities between the Protestant and the Catholic princes, who were led by the emperor.
Calvinism
A French priest called John Calvin (1509–1564) established a theocracy in Geneva.
This system of government was based on 3 principles:
Strict adherence to the Bible
. This was the only expression of God’s will.
Belief in predestination.
Everyone is born predestined either to be saved or condemned.
Humility and austerity.
Although financial and social success were not punished.
The English Reformation
In England, religious reform was more politically motivated than theologically motivated.
King Henry VIII asked the Catholic Church to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragón so that he could marry Anne Boleyn.
The pope refused, and as a result, the Act of Supremacy (1534) was passed
During the 44-year reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603), religious doctrine combined aspects of both Catholicism and Lutheranism
However, the Anglican Church’s hierarchy was similar to the Catholic hierarchy and included more sacraments.
The influence of calvinism
Calvinists in France were called Huguenots
They were particularly successful in the south of the kingdom, where Catharism had thrived before it was eliminated by the pope’s crusade at the beginning of the 13th century.
Calvinists in the Low Countries, Scotland and England were called Puritans
They believed that the Church of England needed to be purified of the influence of Catholicism.
THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION: THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The Catholic Church tried to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation by carrying out an internal reform, called the Counter-Reformation
The Council of Trent was held. During this meeting, a programme of changes was formulated in response to the Protestant Reformation.
The main agreements reached were:
The Church’s hierarchical structure was reaffirmed, with the pope as its head
The Vulgate Bible was the only valid version.
The seven sacraments and worship of the Virgin Mary and saints were maintained
Lutheran and Catholic Doctrine's Differences
Lutheran Doctrine
Salvation through faith.
To save your soul, you only needed to have very strong faith, so the Church’s involvement was not required.
Free interpretation of the Bible.
Anyone could interpret the Bible’s message.
Reformation of the sacraments.
Lutheran doctrine included only two sacraments: Baptism and the Eucharist.
Universal priesthood.
Lutherans rejected the hierarchy of the Catholic Church and the authority of the pope.
Religious orders
, and the worship of images of the Virgin Mary and saints were prohibited.
Catholic Doctrine
To achieve salvation, you must have faith, follow all precepts and do good works like paying for indulgences.
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was the only valid interpretation. The Church’s official Latin version was known as the Vulgate Bible.
Catholicism had seven sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Matrimony and Holy Orders
The Catholic Church had a well-defined hierarchical structure separating the high and low clergy, with many different ranks.
Religious and military orders, and worshipping the Virgin Mary and saints were very important.