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EXAM 2, CHAPTER 5 - Coggle Diagram
EXAM 2
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Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BC.) - went from hunter/gatherer to a more sedentary lifestyle, developing the first farms and animal husbandry for eating and help on farm
Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) - discovered large pockets of fossil fuels to help power machinery/ for farming and transportation of crops/farm more land=more food!
Medical Revolution(After Ind. Rev,) - Medicare to combat deadly disease (small pox, typhoid,etc. / Death rates plummeted during this time
Green Revolution (1960-70s) - created new tech, like fertilizer/pesticides and heavy machinery that increased the yield of crops for farms, with a focus on a spread to second world countries/ intro to first GMO’s
Environmental Evolution (Current) - creating tech to reduce levels of consumption and also reduce population growt
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Yellowstone Fire of 1988: Largest wildfire in yellowstone, burned for months, plants adapted + rebounded
Trophic Levels:
Quaternary,
tertiary,
secondary,
primary consumers;
primary producers.
Producers: Autotrophs (organic compounds for survival), chemotrophs (use inorganic molecules).
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What is the main difference between terrestrial, aquatic, and detrital food pyramids?
Answer: Terrestrial pyramids decrease in biomass as they go up the trophic levels. Aquatic pyramids can be inverted because producers (phytoplankton) reproduce rapidly. Detrital food webs rely on decomposers breaking down organic material.
Why are terrestrial trophic levels not as efficient as aquatic systems?
Answer: Energy transfer is less efficient in terrestrial ecosystems due to greater energy loss in respiration and lower digestibility of plant matter. Most ecosystems support 4–5 trophic levels.
Ecological Succession
Primary succession: Starts from bare rock (e.g., volcanic eruption).
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Aquatic succession: Sediments accumulate, turning a pond into land over time.
Biome: large ecological region with distinct climates and species. Determining factors include temperature, precipitation, elevation, and latitude
Tipping Point:critical threshold where a small environmental change causes irreversible shifts in the ecosystem.
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R have high birthrates, don’t take care of young
K have low birthrates, care for their young
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Demography - field of collecting, compiling. And presenting information about human populations
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) - highest possible rate of use system can match with own rate of replacement/maitenance
HIPPO: Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, Population growth, Overexploitation
Conservation: Sustainable use of natural resources (e.g., national forests).
Consumptive - harvest food, shelter, tools, fuel, and clothing
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Preservation - ensure continuity (of ecosystem or species), regardless of potential unity
Why are population rates higher in low income vs high income countries?
Population growth : births > deaths
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Replacement fertility Rate : replacement level is 2.1 for high income countries, higher in low income countries (child mortality rate)
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