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Motivation for calling and going on a crusade - Coggle Diagram
Motivation for calling and going on a crusade
Religion
1st
Retaking Jerusalem, the Holy Land and the place of the Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection, rise of Seljuk Turks made pilgrimages harder as more open to raids and less Byz control, although been lost for 400 yrs so mainly background factor and propaganda?
Mathilda of Tuscany applied the Just War theory to the 1st Crusade and created penitential warfare as a way to get around breaking the 10 commandments which put many off going, although is mainly just for formally justifying as bible = no kill as most kill anyway eg knights
Most important
Remissio Peccatorum indulgence offered, no matter how many sins had been committed all would be forgiven when Jerusalem was taken, especially important as knights dilema = living incredibly sinful lives and was the ONLY way of removing sin
Unsanctioned preachers, vital for spreading the word of the crusade in a time of no mass media, without them no-one would've known? Significance shown by Urban II offering to wash away 1/7 of sins for attending the preach at Angers 1096. However first crusade preachers recruited anyone, peoples crusade and elderly and sick as well, these slowed the cru down
2nd
Edessa 450 miles away from Jerusalem yet Bernard of Clairvaux still focuses on Jerusalem when preaching, imp propaganda wise (he's the one who recruits the kings)
1145 Introduction of the Plenary indulgence, only needed to promise to go on crusade, however not fully in place by 2nd
Increased control over preachers, 1st had unsanctioned preachers recruiting elderly and sick , but 2nd cherry-picked preachers, eg. Bernard of Clairvaux who recruited the King of France Louis VII and Germany Conrad III
3rd
Once again to retake Jerusalem, same benefits as 1st
Plenary indulgence developed even more since the second, still not fully until 4th
Preachers still heavily influential. AB of Canterbury Tour of wales 1188 3,000 signed up
Religion ruled society at this time
Political / Papal ambition
Disunity between the Latin and Greek churches
Split in 1054 but relations improving in 1090's.
Byzantines under pressure from Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor (1090 lost control of). Came to Urban for help but NOT for a crusade (wanted knights like Flanders gave him in 1090)
Urban saw it as a sign to show power and open talks about unification (1098 Council at Bari about unification)
Threats to Urban II
Investiture controversy led to German Henry IV driving the papacy out of Rome, appointing Anti-Pope Clement III, therefore when Urban came into power (1088) in weak position, recovers Rome in 1094 so in good position, perfect chance for Urban to show his strength and consolidate his power
Philip I of France, remarried clear act of adultery and against Church, excommunicated 1095, crusade with thousands flocking to the cause would show his power in Western Christendom
Growing violence and disorder in Europe
Lack of purpose for violence in France (Viking raids ended in 1000) but still need for military class for wars of expansion thus leading to violence, disorder and internal conflicts which conflicted with the church's cluniac reform movement which promoted peace
Crusade gave them an opportunity to use their violence for religious reasons
Defence (2nd and 3rd)
Crusading doesn't have the same pull when not Jerusalem
2nd
Zengi capturing areas gained from 1st crusade
1144 Edessa, 15,000 dead
1145 Pope Eugenius III declared 2nd Crusade mentioning Edessa in particular, making it clear that the call must be answered if Outremer was to be held, although BoC large focus on Jerusalem when preaching
3rd
Saladin taking land in Outremer since 1170's (not important if not Jeru)
July 1187- King Guy defeated at Hattin by Saladin, True Cross taken, Pope Urban III dies of shock
October 1187- Jerusalem taken, Gregory VIII call for defence immediately after
Failed call for crusade- 1165 Pope Alexander III in retaliation to Nuradin's uprising, only response a tax in England. Call for defence not as important when not Jeru anymore due to failure of 2nd?
Knights
1st crusade
Developments in technology
Stirrups and High saddles allow to travel long distances (important as can now get there easily), Couched lance (1066 Norman Conquest showed effectiveness of cavalry) - Knights thought would be of very good use to Crusade and that they could easily defeat the lightly armoured Seljuk Turks
Greed
1st Crusade used potential wealth as a motivating factor, preached ideas of East being plentiful of booty, shown by plunder as soon as Jerusalem taken. However, had to spend 5x annual income to go and any booty plundered had to be either spent to get home or too heavy to carry. Therefore a barrier for future crusades and if most important none would've joined
2nd, 3rd and mini crusades
Technology proved right and furthered
- success of 1st Crusade showed that Knights far superior to lightly armed opposition, cavalry archers unable to pierce thru knights armour thus more likely to go as knew they definitely had high chance in battles. Armour kept improving as well
Chivalry
only just starting to develop 1st Crusade thus not important factor, big shift by 2nd and 3rd tho, heavily pushed in poetry especially by preachers, now expected to be loyal to overlord and as many go eg. Philip and Conrad 2nd so do knights. Richard brought most English knights w him to 3rd crusade, and as regarded as such a legend by 1200 being a chivalrous knight = going on crusade
Military orders
- 1120 Templars (500 knights) dedicated lives to Crusade and 1130 Hospitallers. Admired by all but seen as a v hard life so don't want to join, this instead prompts to crusade as only temporary but don't feel guilt of not being
V.important to a crusade as the elite soldiers of Europe