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The Clubs, Rural Rebellions, Urban Strikes, Flight to Varennes, and the…
The Clubs, Rural Rebellions, Urban Strikes, Flight to Varennes, and the Champ de Mars Massacre (1789–1791)
The Political Clubs
Why they emerged?
Freedom of speech and assembly (post-1789) allowed for the rise of political clubs, where revolutionaries debated policy, influenced public opinion, and mobilized the masses.
With the collapse of royal authority, these clubs became centers of political activism.
Many moderates, radicals, and counter-revolutionaries had their own clubs, reflecting growing divisions in the Revolution.
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Rural Rebellions
Why Did Peasants Revolt?
Economic hardship: Grain shortages, high food prices, and unemployment worsened conditions.
Religious policies: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) angered Catholics, leading to peasant resistance.
Abolition of feudal dues (August 1789) was not fully enforced, leading to peasant frustration.
Key Rebellions
The Great Fear
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Result: Led to the abolition of feudalism (August 4, 1789).
Vendée Revolt
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Peasants, angry at anti-religious policies and military conscription, fought against the Republic.
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Impact
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Counter-revolutionary movements (e.g., Vendée) would later challenge the Revolution.
Urban Strikes
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Impact
The sans-culottes emerged as a powerful force, demanding radical policies from the government.
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The Flight to Varennes
What Happened?
King Louis XVI and his family attempted to escape Paris, disguised as commoners.
Goal: Reach Montmédy, where royalist troops were loyal to him.
Failure: Recognized in Varennes, arrested, and brought back to Paris.
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