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BL (02, 06, 05, 03, 04), leading vs lagging, prokaryote vs eukaryote…
BL
02
able to do all crossing
pedigree
finding all the genotype
calculatingprobability
understand the diffrent type of croses
identify if its autosome or sex linked
able to adapt mandelian pattern into pedigree
06
techniques
CRSPR
gene editing
DNA recombinant
joining DNA from diff organism into another organism
DNA cloning
make large identical copies for study
GMO
altered genetic material
mutant
transgenic
recombinant organism
05
know all component / role
regulatory gene
code for repressor rotein
Promoter
short segment DNA where RNA polymerase attach
Operator
short segment DNA where active repressor bind
structural gene
gene that produce enzyme
trp operon regulate ;normally ON
trp absent-
trp
do
not bind
to
repressor protein
repressor pro.
do
not bind
to
operator
transcription
occur
operon
ON
trp present
trp
bind to
repreor protein
, alter shape of active site
repressor protein
bind to
opertor
transcription
does not occur
operon
OFF
lac operon regulaton ;normally OFF
lac present
lactose bind to repressor
;alter active site
;udetached from operator
transcription occur
operon ON
lac absent
no lactose bind to repressor protein
repressor protein bind w operator
transcription does not occur
operon OFF
type
inducible
turns on in the absent of lactose
repressible
turns on in the present of tryptophan
concept of activation and repressor
positive control
glucose absent
cAMP accumulate
cAMP bind to CaP
faster transcription
CAP bind to CAP-binding site
glucose present
cAMP concentration decrease
CAP detached from operon
trancription occur slower
03
understand theoretical
how microevolution happen
able to do calcultion
04
understand each process of CDM mcq
DNA replication
Unwinding
seperate parental strand
enzyme;
helicase
SSB protein
attached prevent parent strand reforming
complementary based pairing
DNA primase;
put short strand of RNA SEQUENCE
DNA polymerase;
recognize RNA and begin synthesis; proofread mistakes; from 5' to 3'
replicated; lagging strand; leading strand
JOINING
DNA polymerase
converting RNA into DNA
DNA Ligase
glued all Okazaki fragment together to form continouous strand
SEMI-CONSERVATIVE
- one parent strand conserved along with newly synthesized strand(daughter strand)
Protein synthesis
properties
universal - applied in all organism
Degenerate (redundancy) - two or more codon encoded for same amino acid
Unambigous - one codon encode for one specific amino acid
START & STOP signal - indicate start or stop translation
1)Transcription (1 enz/3 step)
Initiation
RNA polymerase
attached to promoter
Elongation
RNA plymerase; read DNA template from
3' to 5'
; synthesis from
5' to 3'
Termintion
ended ;untill meets
STOP
sequence ;pre-mRNA is
released
2) Modification (3 area)
a. modified Guanine Cap
for detection by ribosome unit
;where to attach for translation
b. tail
for facilitates mobilization
out of nucleus
to inhibit degradation
c. Splicing out intron
done by
spliceosomes
does'nt encode for amino acid
;non-protein-coding sequence
3) Translation (3 stage
Initiation =
require 4 components +
protein that brig everythingi together
mRNA stranscript
Initiator tRNA - 2 binding sites/functions
bind amino acid / carries amino acid
bind with mRNA transcript
/
binding to the P side
Small ribosomal
subunit
rRNA/Large ribosomal subunit
has three binding side
E - exit
P - peptide site
A - amino acid site
Elongation
tRNA-amino acid
arrives at ribosome
and binds at
A sites
the tRNA then
moves
to the
P sites
and another tRNA
binds
at
A sites
at the same time (
translocation
)
peptide bond form
btwn the
peptide chain
and the
newly arrived amino acids
attching both
tRNA
Exits
through the E sites; next aminoi acid-tRNA complex approach the rivosome
Termination
Ribosome read the stop codon;
UAA, UAG, UGA - does not code for amino acid
A protein calles
release factor
bind at stop codon, hydrolyzing,
seperate
the polypeptide from the last tRNA at P sites
mutation
Base-pair (involve change in one pair)
Missesnse: polypeptide chain have one amino acid change from normal sequece
Silent: the amino acid sequence is not altered
Nonsense: amino acid-specifying codon change into
STOP
codon
Frameshift (change all sequence after it)
deletion- remove base
insertion- add base
process of modification & translation
mutation
leading vs lagging
replicate discontinuously from 5' to 3' away from replication fork
replicated continously towards replication fork
grows discontinuously forming Okazaki fragment
grows continouosly
require new primer start at each Okazaki fragent
requires only one primer for synthesis
strts replication a bit later
begin replicate from the beginning
grows toward replication fork
grow away from replicatio fork
prokaryote vs eukaryote replication
origin of replication
direction of replication
structure of DNA
single circular loop
linear siries
bidirectionally
bidirectionally
begins at one point; origin of replication
begins at multiple point