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London - Contemporary Urban Environments - Coggle Diagram
London - Contemporary Urban Environments
Air Pollution
First half 20th century, smog events so common in London that the term 'London Particular' was and is still used to refer to smog.
Introduction of Clean Air Act in 1956 reduced CO2 emissions in city.
Other clean strategies include: Greener buses, taxi age limits, Congestion Charges and ULEZ.
However, this hasn't been as successful, as Nitrogen Dioxide still breaches EU legal limits, and London still suffers higher levels of air pollution than surrounding rural areas.
5.3% of deaths in people 25 and over were linked in 2014. These figures vary, but the highest percentage is London.
CLEAN AIR ACT 1956
Dereliction
Issues with building on brownfield sites
Since the decline of heavy industry, sites have been available Reduces urban sprawl
Less need for cars due to better public transport
Demolition of old buildings may be required
Land may need to be decontaminated
New developments can improve the environment
Land in urban environments is in high demand, therefore, may be more expensive
Urban Climate
London centre is up to 10°c warmer than surrounding area.
Impact of climate change will increase this, particularly in summer.
Poses risk to homes, workplaces, and public transport.
Specific risks to people's health, vulnerable people, and cities consumption of water and energy.
Buildings like the walkie-talkie melting cars
Venturi Effect on high rise buildings
Flooding
Risk comes from 5 different sources: tidal, fluvial, surface, sewage and groundwater.
Climate change will bring heavier downpours, rising sea levels, and higher tidal surges.
15% of London is floodplain, protected from flood defences.
Residential areas are located in this area, but it also includes much of the infrastructures Londoners rely on.
Thames Barrier
It protects around 1.4 million people and 420,000 properties. It's made up of 10 steel gates, each weighing 3,300 tonnes. When there are incredibly high tides or storm surges, the gates are raised to the height of a 5-storey building.
Developments
London's Living Wage
Cross Rail/HS2
Work Schemes
Cycle superhighways and cycle hire schemes (Boris Bikes) helped to increase cycling in London.
In response to the urban heat island effect in London, targets have been set to increase green cover in central London by 5% by 2030.
London Docklands
Benefits -
The docklands now contains some the world biggest banks including HSBC, Barclays and Merrill Lynch Bank of America
There is now 14 million square feet of office and retail space. Many buildings include a canteen, gym, etc which helps businesses attract staff
In 2000 only 28,000 people worked there compared to 105,000 people now working there.
Regeneration -
Housing - 50,000 new homes have been built since 1981 with 8,000 local authority homes being improved.
Transport - The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) opened in 1987, costing £73 million. The opening of the London City Airport
Environment - By 1988 600 hectares of land were reclaimed. Parks and riverside paths were developed
Thames Tideway Tunnel
It connects 34 of the most polluting overflow points along the river, collecting sewage that currently overflows into the Thames and transferring it to Beckton for treatment.
Population increasing by 100,000 annually
Urban Policies
City Challenge - 1990
Local authorities competed for funding from gov.
Improving physical, social and environmental areas
Approximately £37.5 million funding over five years
Regenerate rundown inner-city areas by improving housing, creating jobs, and fostering community involvement
LDDC - London Docklands
£20 Million Regeneration
Created Luxury Apartments
Attracted Working Class
Containerisation
Improved Economic Investment
Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) - 1980
To regenerate inner-city areas through private-sector investment, particularly in areas of economic decline and dereliction
Aimed to improve infrastructure, transport, commercial areas