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BELIEFS (3): RELIGION & SOCIAL GROUPS, EVALUATION, EVALUATION,…

- - - - MILLER & HOFFMAN: gender socialisation makes females more nurturing, cooperative + caring; qualities highly valued by religion, therefore attracting them to religion
    - - being a carer raises women's religiosity as they care both for the welfare of themselves + others, and protecting life is part of religious values
      - DAVIE: having caring responsibility brings them to the bigger questions about life which they might turn to religion to for answers
      - HALMAN & DRAULANS: being carers, women feel responsible for their children's moral development
    - - BRUCE: not spending as much time working means they have more time to delve deeper into religion to find some aspect that resonates with them
  - - - WOODHEAD: women seek out a third identity outside of their public and private sphere in the individual sphere, concerned w/ autonomy + personal growth, focusing on the inner self, usually appreciated in NAMs
    - - FOR NAMs - due to a lack of personal fulfilment from the confines of housework or lower m/c jobs, women turn to NAMs for spiritual fulfilment/ direction towards self-improvement
      - FOR SECTS - sects give relief from status frustration as they're given an established position where their contributions benefit the sect's success (sense of belonging)
  - - - organismic deprivation: due to physical/ mental health problems; women are driven to the healing sects offer
      - ethical deprivation: women are more morally conservative, seeing the world to be in moral decline and so turn to sects as they share the same view and offer solutions (compensators)
      - social deprivation: due to marginality, leading to disillusionment + alienation; sects can offer a close-knit support group, as well as guidance
- - - - foreign british policy: events like invasions of iraq + afghanistan, 9/11, unites muslims as they see these attacks on their religion, reinforcing solidarity
      - decline of other identities: muslim youth are more identity insecure than older gens, so being firm on their religion gives reassurance of a solid identity to feel purpose + meaning
      - multicultural policies: we are taught to accept differences between cultures and beliefs rather than ostracize, as they can exist alongside british culture peacefully; no interference needs to happen
  - - - theodicy of disprivilege
      - social deprivation
      - marginality
      - status frustration
      - opium of the people
- - - - AGEING EFFECT: older people tend to have declining health and death is upcoming, so religion can act as comfort, coping, meaning + support
      - PERIOD/ COHORT EFFECT: those who've lived through social change can use religion to cope with change
      - RELIGIOUS SOCIALISATION: older people usually grew up with more emphasis on religious belief, so when older, they may rediscover religiosity
    - - DECLINING ATTRACTION
        
        young people usually find services boring + repetitive (attention spans can be affected by technology/ media)
        
        young people are more open-minded so have different values to trad religion
      - 'BELIEVING, NOT BELONGING' (DAVIE)
        
        for the youth, religion = private matter; their spiritual belief is there, but not to a particular religion, and they don't publicly practice either
        
        lack of strong connection w/ religion/ commitment -> cultural amnesia
      - DECLINE OF META-NARRATIVES (LYOTARD)
        
        metanarratives have lost influential power so religion loses its significance w/ youth as they don't believe old religious explanations
        
        pick, mix, reject - individualism (postmodernism)
        
        youth have more access to more metanarratives through globalisation, so question trad metanarratives
      - DECLINING RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
        
        sunday schools are declining, and schools generally teach along a more moral/ secular route rather than focusing on teaching christian values
        
        most youth don't get religious education (or choose not to do it), so as religious socialisation declines, this leads to more cultural amnesia
        
        BRUCE: CofE unable to recruit youth
      - 'EXPANDED SPIRITUAL MARKETPLACE'
        
        lesser youth affiliate themselves w/ religion but still have spirituality, and have more choice for what their identities are in a post-modern society
        
        ROOF: 'expanded spiritual marketplace' - more exposure + diversity of religious ideas, incl. NRMs/ NAMs
        
        HERVIEU-LEGER: 'spiritual shopping**