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Science Topic Review, Chapter 2.3 : Cells, Chapter 3.2 : Tissues to Organ,…
Science Topic Review
Chapter 2 : Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 2.2 : Biomolecules
Biomolecules are macromolecules that make up a cell.
Molecules of Life
Nucleic Acids
Functions
Genetic info storage
Types
DNA
Double Helix (double spiral)
Gives information and make RNA
Has genetic information
RNA
Makes Proteins
Monomers
Nucleotides
Proteins
Functions
Do work in cells
Chemical breakdown of substances or nutrients in food
Communication
Transports Substances
Structural Support
Monomers
Amino Acids
There are 20 types of amino acids.
Proteins are made from a long chain of amino acids.
Lipids
Functions
Energy Storage
Protective membranes
Communication
Types
Phospholipids
Lipids that make up a cell membrane.
Triglycerides
Facts and Oils
Lipids with 3 legs
Not polymers
Composition
Fatty Acids
Glycerol
Cholesteral
Lipids are a group of organic molecules that do not dissolve in water.
Lipids don't mix with water.
Carbohydrates
Functions
Energy Storage
Structural Support
Communication
Carbohydrates are sugar molecules.
Types
Simple
Monosaccharides
Monomers
Types
Glucose
C6H12O6
Fructose
Galactose
Disaccharides
2 Monosaccharides
Complex
Polysaccharides
Polymers (a lot of monosaccharides)
Types
Starch
Store energy
Cellulose
Cell walls
Sugar and starch store energy.
Chapter 2.4 : Cell Organelles
The Nucleus
Largest Organelle
Directs Cell Activity
Contains genetic information inside the DNA.
The DNA is organised into structures called chromsomes.
Humans have 46 chromosomes.
It contains proteins and an organelle called nucleolus.
The nucleolus makes ribosomes.
Ribosomes makes proteins.
2 membranes (phospholipids) surround the nucleus to make a nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope contains pores (holes) that allows certain molecules to pass through.
Manufacturing Molecules
Types of Ribosomes
Free Ribosomes
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Bound Ribosomes
Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Rough ER
ER with ribosomes
Makes proteins
Smooth ER
ER without ribosomes
Makes lipids and remove harmful substances.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) spreads from the nucleus to most of the cytoplasm.
Processing, Transporting, and Storing Molecules
Golgi Apparatus
Near the ER
Modifies proteins and put them in vesicles.
Vesicle
Transports substances
Types of vesicles
Lysosomes
Break down food and recycle cellular components.
Vacuoles
Big vesicles
Stores food, water, and waste material.
Plant cells have 1 large vacuole.
Some animal cell have many smaller vacuoles.
Energy Production
Mitochondria
Produces ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) from glucose.
They do this in cellular respiration.
Chloroplasts
Turns light, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose.
They do this in photosynthesis.
Maintaining Structure
Cytoskeleton
Keeps the cell shape and holds organelles in place
Cell Membrane
Surrounds and protects the cell.
Cell Wall
They are in plants, fungi, and protists.
Protects the cell and maintain its shape.
Made from cellulose.
Chapter 2.5 : Cell Membrane and Movement
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a biological structure that separates interior of cells from their environment.
Moving Cellular Material
Membranes also control the movement of substances into and out of
cells.
This helps organisms maintain balance, or homeostasis.
The cell membrane is made of biomolecules called phospholipids.
Therefore, phospholipids form a flexible double layer
called the lipid bilayer.
Semi Permeable Membrane
A cell membrane is semi-permeable.
The cell membrane is made of phospholipids.
The head is hydrophilic. (attracted by water)
The tail is hydrophobic. (repelled by water)
This means it allows only some substances to enter or leave a cell.
Passive Transport
Passive Transport is the movement of substances through a cell membrane without using the cell's energy.
Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of substances through a
cell membrane by using the cell’s energy (ATP).
Chapter 2.7 : Cells and Energy
Cellular Respiration
A series of chemical reactions that convert energy in food molecules to ATP.
This happens in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Steps of Cellular Respiration
Glycosis (Cytoplasm)
Occurs in all cells.
Glucose is broken down by small cells.
This process creates ATP but also uses some ATP.
Mitochondria
Occurs in eukaryotic cells.
It requires oxygen.
It breaks down the small molecules made in glycosis and large amounts of ATP is produced.
Water and CO2 is released.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ==> 2CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Fermentation
A reaction that all cells use to obtain energy from food.
Used when oxygen levels are low.
Makes less ATP than cellular respiration.
Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Types of Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Turns glucose into ATP and lactic acid.
This process by fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yoghurt.
It is used to make kimchi.
Alcohol Fermentation
Turns glucose into ATP, carbon dioxide, and ethanol.
Used by some bacteria and yeast.
Some foods are made from yeast using this method.
The CO2 made by yeast make bobbles.
Photosynthesis
Plants and some unicellular organisms obtain energy from light in this process.
The organisms that use this are called producers.
6CO2 + 6H2O ==> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + ATP
This happens in the chloroplast using a green molecule called chlorophyll.
Chlorophylls are pigment molecules that absorb light energy.
Cycle
There is a cycle between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
The product of cellular respiration is used in photosynthesis.
The product of photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration.
Chapter 2.6 : Passive and Active Transport
Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of substances through a cell membrane by using the cell’s energy (ATP). From higher concentration to lower concentration.
Cells can take in needed nutrients from the environment
through carrier proteins by using active transport.
Using Proteins
Active transport is important
for cells and organelles.
It allows cells to move substances to areas of higher concentration.
It is used to absorb important
nutrients or to remove waste.
Endocytosis
Some substances (such as large proteins) are too large to enter a cell by Diffusion or by using a transport protein.
These substances can enter a cell by another process called endocytosis.
Endocytosis is the process during which cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane.
Exocytosis
Some substances are too large to leave a cell by diffusion or by using a transport protein.
These substances can leave a cell by exocytosis.
Exocytosis is the process during which a cell’s vesicles release their contents outside the cell.
Proteins and other substances are removed from a cell through this process.
Passive Transport
Passive transport is the movement of substances through a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy (ATP).
There are different types of passive transport seen in cells,
including: Diffusion and Osmosis.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
When the space is filled evenly, a state called equilibrium is
reached.
The cell membrane separates the cytoplasm from the fluid
outside the cell.
Simple Diffusion
Small molecules can pass directly through the cell membrane.
Usually, diffusion continues through a membrane until the concentration of a substance is the same on both sides of the membrane.
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Facilitated Diffusion
During facilitated diffusion, transport proteins help substances diffuse through the cell membrane.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a
semi-permeable membrane.
In cells, osmosis is an example of facilitated diffusion.
The transport proteins are channel proteins called aquaporins.
Chapter 1 : Classifying and Exploring Life
Chapter 1.1 : Characteristic of Life
Organization = Living Things are organized into cells.
Unicellular
One cell organism
Multicellular
Many cell organism
Growth and Development =
Unicellular organisms can increase cell size.
Multicellular organisms can increase the number of cells and develop specialized functions.
Reproduction = Make more living things
Response to Stimuli = Respond to environment.
Homeostasis : Living things maintain stable internal coonditions
Use of energy : Living things use energy and get it by food.
Chapter 1.2 : Classifying Living Things
Binomial Nomenclature
A system that gives species a 2-word scientific name.
It is in Latin.
The first word is the genus name. (capitalized)
The second word is the species identifier. (lowercase)
They must be underlined or in italics.
It makes communication easier
A species is a group of organisms that have similar characteristics and are able to produce fertile offspring.
Classifing
Carolus Linnaeus made the system with animal and plant kingdoms.
Robert H. Whittaker classified it into 5 kingdoms
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Now, we use systematics to classify it into 6 kingdoms and group the 6 kingdoms into 3 domains. We broke the Monera kingdom into 2 kingdoms.
Bacteria
Bacteria
Simple unicellular organisms.
Archaea
Archaea
Simple unicellular organisms that often live in extreme environment.
Eukarya
Protista
Complex unicellular organisms.
Fungi
unicellular or multicellular organisms that absorbs food.
Plantae
Multicellular organisms that make their own food.
Animalia
Multicellular organisms that take in food.
Hierarchy Of Biological Classification (most to least general)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Chapter 1.3 : Classification Tools
We use Cladogram to classify living things.
Cladogram is a branched diagram. It shoes the relationships among organisms, including common ancestors.
Each characteristic is observed in all the species to its right.
The more characteristics that the organisms share, the more related
they are.
The fewer characteristics that the organisms share, the less related
they are.
Chapter 3 : Cell to Organism
Chapter 3.1: Level of Organization
Unicellular Organisms
Unicellular organisms include both prokaryotes and some eukaryotes.
Unicellular organisms do all the things needed for their survival within that one cell.
Prokaryotes
A cell without a membrane bound nucleus is a prokaryotic cell.
In general, prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells and have fewer cell structures.
A unicellular organism made of one prokaryotic cell is called a
prokaryote.
Prokaryotes are grouped together in colonies.
Eukaryotes
A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and many other specialized organelles.
There are many different unicellular eukaryotes, but most are
protists. For examples, Amoeba, Paramecium, and Euglena.
A unicellular organism that is made of one eukaryote cell is called a eukaryote
Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular organisms are made of many eukaryotic cells working
together.
Animal Stem Cells
Stem Cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into many different cell types.
They can differentiate into whatever cells that the body needs.
They become specialized in a process called Cell Differentiation.
Plant Meristem Cells
Plants also have unspecialised cells that are similar to animal stem cells.
These cells are grouped in areas of a plant called meristems.
Meristems are found in the
tips of roots and stems.
These cells can become parts of stems, leaves, flowers, or roots.
Tissues
In multicellular organisms, similar types of cells are organised into
groups called tissues.
Tissues are groups of similar types of cells that work together to
carry out specific functions.
Humans, like most other animals, have four main types of tissue:
Muscle Tissue, Connective Tissue, Nervous Tissue, and Epithelial Tissue
Muscle tissue causes movement.
Connective tissue provides structure and support and often
connects other types of tissue together.
Nervous tissue carries messages to and from the brain.
Epithelial tissue forms the protective outer layer of the skin and
the lining of major organs and internal body cavities.
The three main types of plant tissue are dermal, ground and vascular
tissue.
Dermal tissue provides protection
and helps reduce water loss.
Vascular Tissue transport water and nutrients from one part to another.
Ground Tissue provides storage and support and is where photosynthesis take place.
Chapter 2.3 : Cells
Cell Appendages
They are outside of the cell membrane.
They are used to move.
Flagella
Looks like a tail.
Moves a cell.
Cilia
Loos like hair.
Moves a cell and moves molecules away.
Cell Membrane
Protects the cell.
Made from lipids and proteins.
They are flexible.
Cytoplasm
They contain the majority of water in the cell.
It is the fluid in the cell.
Contains that cytoskeleton.
Cell Wall
Plants, fungus, bacteria cells, and some protists have a cell wall.
Maintains the cell's shape and protect the cell.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a joined protein network.
It gives the cell shape and movement.
All living things are made from one or more cells.
Chapter 3.2 : Tissues to Organ
Organs
Organs are groups of different tissues working together to perform a particular function.
The stomach is an organ that is specialized for breaking down food.
Plant Organs
Plants also have organs.
Leaves are organs specialised for photosynthesis.
Each leaf is made of dermal, ground, and vascular tissues.
Dermal tissue is on the outside of the leaf protects it from damage.
Ground tissue is where photosynthesis takes place.
The vascular tissue moves food produced by photosynthesis and water throughout the plant.
Organ Systems
Organ systems are groups of different organs that work together.
These organs and others all work together to
break down food and take it into the body.
Blood absorbs and transports nutrients from
broken down food to cells throughout the body.
Plant Organ Systems
Plants have two major organ
systems: The Shoot System, and the Root System
The shoot system includes leaves, stems, and flowers. Food and water are transported throughout the plant by the shoot system.
The root system holds the plant in the soil and takes in water and nutrients.
Organisms
Multicellular organisms usually have many organ systems.
In the animal body, there are many major organ systems.
Each organ system depends on the others and cannot work alone.
Chapter 2.1 : Introducing Cells
Cell Theory
All livings are made of 1 or more cells.
The cell is the smallest unit of life.
All new cells are made from pre-existing cells.
Liquids in Cells
Cells are 70% water.
Water surrounds cells.
Substances must be liquid to go in and out of a cell.
Macromolecules
Macro = large
Large molecules (polymers) that form when smaller molecules (monomers) join together are macromolecules.