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Lymphatic/Immune System Jaime Chavez -- Per 5 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System
Jaime Chavez
--
Per 5
Lymphatic Organs
Thymus:
Thymus is a bilobed organ located below the neck, above the heart. It serves as a site for T cell maturation.
Lymph Nodes:
Hundreds throughout the body. Serve as a filter for the lymph, also site for immune system activation.
Spleen
: Spleen is a blod-rich organ located in left side of abdominal cavity below stomach. It functions as a site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation, stores platelets, monocytes, and iron, also cleanses blood and removes aged or defective red blood cells
MALT
Tonsils:
around pharynx. Remove phatogens from food or air.
Appendix:
First part of large intestine. Destroys bacteria, generate memory lymphocytes.
Prayer's patches:
wall of small intestines. Destroys bacteria, generate memory lymphocytes.
Line of Defenses
Second Line
Phagocytes:
Engulf and destroy pathogens
Natural Killer Cells:
promote opoptosis by directly attacking viruses.
Inflammatory response:
prevents dangerous agents from spreading to other tissue, and promote tissue repair.
Fever:
high body temperature inhibits antigens
First Line
Skin Epidermis:
physical barrier to most microorganisms and substances. Contains:
Acid mantle of skin;
skin secretions that inhabit bacterial growth.
Keratin;
provides resistance
Mucous membranes:
produce protective chemicals that inhibit organisms. contains:
Acid:
inhibits growth of bacteria.
Enzymes;
isozyme of saliva, mocus, and lacrimal fluid, also stomach.
Mucin:
mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract that traps pathogens.
Nasal Hairs:
filter and trap microorganisms.
Cilia:
propels phatogens.
Urine:
Acid pH
Third Line
Humoral immunity:
antibodiess produced by lymphocytes circulate freely in body fluids and bind to antigens marking them for destruction
Cellular Immunity:
lymphocytes act against antigens. Direct killiong
Immune Defenses
Adaptive:
A specific defensive system that eliminates almost any phatogen or abnormal cell in the body.
Innate:
Surface barriors are skin and mucus membranes along with its secretions. Many cells have pattern recognition receptors that recognize and binds to antigens before they do harm
Immune Responses
Cellular:
T cells provide Defenses against intercellular antigens. Direct killiong of antigens or regulation of immune response
Humoral:
When a B cell encounters target antigen it provokes humoral immune response, antibodies are produced for that specific antigen.
Primary immune respnse:
cell proliferation and differentiation upon exposure for the first time.
Secondary immune response:
Re-exposure to same antigen, faster, more prolonged and more effective response.
Antigens:
Antigens are phatogens but phatogens are not antigens. Antigens are substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke immune response. Are complex, contain antigenic determinants and can be seld-antigen.
Antibodies:
Also called immonuglobuling, are proteins secreted by plasma cells capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cell. They do not destroy antigens, they innactivate them by neutralization, aggulination, precipitation, and complement fixation and activation.
Aquired Immunity
Artificial:
formed in response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens. Also injections of serum, plasma; degree over time.
Natural:
formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection. Also antibodies delivered to fetus bia placenta or through milk
Immunity
Active:
Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against antigen.
Passive:
Occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body. Antibodies degree
Cells
Natural Killer cell:
promote apoptosis by directly attacking virus or cancer cells. recognize general abnormalities, not specific
Antigen Presenting cells
Dendritic cells:
phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, then enter lymph nodes to present antigens to T cells. Most effective antigen presenting
Macrophages:
widely distributed in connective tissue and lymphoid organs. Present antigens to T cells, also further self-activate and become phagocytic killer and trigger inflammatory response
**B cells:
Present antigens to helper T cells**
When a b cell encounters antigen, it gets activated and divides into plasma cells and memory b cells. Plasma cells are antibody-secreting effector cells (antigens circulate in blood or lymph binding to free antigens and mark them for destruction). Memory cells mountv an immediate response to future exposure to same antigen
T cell
: provide Defenses against intercellular antigens
CD4 cells:
Usually become T helper Cells ( that can activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages, Direct adaptive immune response. They secrete cytokines that recruit other immune cells. Without T helper cells, there is no immune response) Also become regulatory T cells (moderate immune response and prevent autoimmune reactions) and memory cells
CD8 Cells
become Cytotoxic T cells ( Direct attack and kill other Cells. Acticated T Cytotoxic cells circulate in blood and lymph and lymphoid organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize. They target irus-infected cells, bacteria, and cancer cells. They kill by releasing perforins and granzymes that pore holes in target cell and the perforins molecules enter cell and trigger apoptosis (cell suicide)) and memory T cells
Disorders
Pus
: Some bacteria resist digestion by macrophages and remain alive inside
Immunodeficiencies
Immunodeficiency
Impair function or production of immune cells or molecules
Severe Combined Immonodefieciency Syndrome (SCID):
Genetic defect with marked deficit in B and T cells. Allows accumulation of metabolites lethal to T cells.
Hodkin's disease:
Causes cancer of B cells, Wich depresses lymph node cells and thus leads to immunodeficiency
Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS):
HIV cripp;es immune system by interfering with activity of helper T cells. Transimted via fluids and transfusions
Autoimmunities
Autoimmune diseases:
result when immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign
Autoimmunity:
Production of autoantibodies and sentetizised Tc cells that destroys body tissues
Rhemutoid arthritis:
destroy joints
Myasthenia gravis:
impairs nerve-muscle connections
Rhemutoid arthritis:
destroy joints
Rhemutoid arthritis:
destroy joints
Rhemutoid arthritis:
destroy joints
Multiple sclerosis
: destroys white matter myelin
Grave's disease:
Causes hyperthyrodism
Type 1 diabetes mellitus:
Destroy pancreatic cells
SLE:
affects multiple organs
Glomerulonphritis:
damage kidney
Hypersensivities
Immdiate hypersensitivity:
A cute allergies: begin in seconds after contact with allergen, antigen that causes allergic reaction.
Systems
Lymphatic
: returns interstitial fluid leaked from blood vessels back to blood. Contains lymph vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes.
Immune
: Provides resistance to diseases, made up of Innate and Adaptive defense systems.