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Cell Structure and Function - Coggle Diagram
Cell Structure and Function
Biomolecule
Macromolecules in Cells
protein
communication
transport
chemical breakdown substance
structure support
nucleic acid
contain genetic information
carbohydrate
energy storage
communication
structural support
lipid
energy storage
protective membrane
communication
cell
Cell Membrane
Every cell is surrounded by a protective
covering called a membrane.
The cell membrane is flexible.
Cell membranes are mostly made of two different macromolecules—
proteins and phospholipids.
A cell membrane protects the cell from the outside environment.
Cell Wall
Some cells are surrounded by a cell wall.
Plant,
fungus,
bacterial cells,
some types
of protists
helps maintain the cell’s shape
and gives structural support.
A cell wall also protects a cell.
cell
All living things are made up of
one or more cells.
Cells come in many shapes and
sizes.
The size and shape of a cell relates
to its job or function.
Cytoplasm and the Cytoskeleton
Most of the water in cells is in the cytoplasm;
a fluid inside a cell.
The cytoplasm also contains a cell’s
cytoskeleton.
The cytoskeleton is a network of proteins that
are joined together. It gives a cell its shape and helps it move.
Cell Appendages
Cells can have appendages, or extracellular structures. Cell appendages are often used for movement.
Flagella (singular, flagellum) are long, tail-like appendages that move a
cell.
cilia
Cilia are short, hair-like structures.
They can move a cell or move molecules away from a cell.
Cell Types
Prokaryotic cells.
The genetic material (DNA) in a prokaryotic cell is not surrounded by a membrane.
Most prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms and are called prokaryotes (bacteria).
Eukaryotic cells.
Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are all made of eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells are usually larger than prokaryotic cells.
cell organell
Manufacturing Molecules
• Proteins are made on small
structures called ribosomes.
• Free ribosomes are in a cell’s
Energy Production
• Cells need a constant source of energy.
Cells process energy in specialised organelles called mitochondria and
chloroplasts.
Cytoskeleton
This helps the keep its shape and holds organelles in place.
Eukaryotic cells have protein fibres in the cytoplasm called the
cytoskeleton.
Cell Membrane and Movement
Moving Cellular Material
Membranes also control the movement of substances into and out of
cells.
This helps organisms maintain balance, or homeostasis.
Semi-Permeable Membrane
• A cell membrane is semi-permeable.
• This means it allows only some substances to enter or leave a cell.
Passive Transport
Small molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide,
pass through membranes by a process called passive
Active Transport
pass through membranes it
Sometimes when cellular materials
requires a cell to use energy.
passive transport
Passive transport is the movement of substances through a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy (ATP).
Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a
semi-permeable membrane.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
cell and energy
Cells and Energy
• All living things need energy to survive.
Cells process energy from food (chemical energy) into the energy-
storage compound ATP.
Cellular Respiration
• Cellular respiration is a series of
chemical reactions.
usable form of energy called ATP.
• Cellular respiration converts the
energy in food molecules into a
Alcohol Fermentation
• Some types of bacteria and yeast make ATP through a
process called alcohol fermentation.
• Alcohol fermentation produces ethanol (alcohol) and CO2
Active transport
Sometimes when cellular materials pass through membranes it
Endocytosis
Some substances (such as large proteins) are too large to enter aproteins) are too large to enter a cell by diffusion or by using a transport protein.
These substances can enter a cell by another process calledendocytosis.
Endocytosis is the process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane.
Exocytosis
Some substances are too large to leave a cell by diffusion or by using a transport protein.
Exocytosis is the process during which a cell’s vesicles release their contents outside the cell.
Proteins and other substances are removed from a cell through this process