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Rita Lomeli- per: 5 - Lymphatic/ immune system, . - Coggle Diagram
Rita Lomeli- per: 5 - Lymphatic/ immune system
Major functions of the Lymphatic system & immune system
. Lymphatic system- returns interstitial fluid & leaked plasma proteins back to blood via
. Lymphatic vessels( lymphatics) are a network of drainage vessels
. The immune system- provides resistance to disease
. Lymphoid organs & tissues provide the structural basis of the immune system by housing phagocytic cells & lymphocytes.
Location of lymphatic organs & their functions
. Lymphatic system consist of three parts: 1) Network of lymphatic vessels ( lymphatics) 2) lymph - fluid of vessels.3) Lymph nodes- cleanse lymph
. Lacteals- specialized lymph capillaries, present in interstitial mucosa
. Large lymphatic vessels ( lymph capillaries)- drain into large vessels called ( collecting lymphatic vessels)
. Collecting lymphatic vessels- collect vessels, trunks, and ducks
. Lymphatic trunks- union of the largest collecting vessels
. Lymph is delivered from trunks into one of the large lymphatic ducts - right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct
. Lymphatic vessels are a one- way system that ensures lymph flows only to the heart
. Lymph vessels ( lymphatics) include- lymphatic capillaries & lymphatic vessels
. Lymphatic capillaries- blind ended vessels( between tissue cells/ capillaries) - not found in bones, teeth, bone marrow; it helps drain interstitial fluid& CSF.
. its a route for pathogens or cancer cells to travel through the body.
.Minivalves- anchored to the matrix by ( collagen filaments)increase in ECF opens minivalves even more- decreases cause them to close.
. The right lymphatic duct- drains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax
. The thoracic duct drains the rest of the body
.lymphoid organs are grouped in two- functional categories - primary lymphoid organs and secondary lymphoid organs
. Primary lymphoid organs - areas where t and b cells mature in the thymus or bone marrow
. Secondary lymphoid organs- areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter ( antigen) and become activated.
Purpose & examples of First, Second & third line of defense
The immune system has two intrinsic systems: innate ( nonspecific) defense systems, and adaptive ( specific) defense systems.
. Innate ( nonspecific) defense system- constitutes first and second line of defenses
. first line of defense - external body membranes ( skin and mucosae)
. Second line of defense- antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells( inhibit spread of invaders) inflammation most important mechanism.
.The adaptive (specific) defense system - Third line of defense- attacks particular foreign substances ( takes longer to react than innate)
Innate( natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate defenses- surface barriers- skin- mucous membranes- internal defenses- phagocytes- Natural killer cells- inflammation- antimicrobial proteins - fever
. Adaptive defenses- humoral immunity- B cells- cellular immunity- T cells
. Innate defenses- The innate system uses the first and second line of defense to stop attacks by - pathogens ( disease- causing microorganism)
. Adaptive immune system- is a specific defense system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body.
Characteristics of the adaptive immunity- it is specific: recognizes/ targets specific antigens. It is systemic: not restricted in initial site. It has memory- mounts an even stronger attack to “ known” antigens.
Humoral responses & cellular response
branches of the adaptive system- humoral ( antibody- mediated) immunity and cellular ( cell- medicated) immunity
. Humoral immunity- antibodies: produced by lymphocytes; they circulate freely in the body's fluids. Binds temporarily - to target cells- to mark for destruction
. Cellular immunity- lymphocytes act against target cells- directly - by killing infected cells - indirectly - by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
. Humoral immune responses- when a B cell encounters target antigen, it provokes humoral immune response. Antibodies specific for that particular antigen are then produced
Antigens & Antibodies
Antigens- Substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response; targets of all adaptive responses. Most are large, complex molecules not normally found in the body.
. Characteristics of antigens - can be a complete antigen or hapten ( incomplete). Contain antigenic determinants. Can be a self- antigen
Self antigens- all cells are covered with a variety of proteins located on the surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigen to others in transfusions or grafts.
.One set of important self- proteins are group of glycoproteins called - MHC proteins- coded by genes of- major histocompatibility complex(MHC)
. Antigen presenting cells- do not respond to specific antigens. Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity
. Antigen receptor diversity- Genes, not antigens determine which foreign substances the immune system will recognize
.Antigen presenting cells ( APcs) - Engulf antigens and present fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition- Three major types: dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
. Dendritic cells- found in connective tissues and epidermis. Act as mobile sentinels of boundary tissues
. Antibodies- also called immunoglobulins- are proteins secreted by plasma cells. They are capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells.
. Antibodies do not destroy antigens; they inactivate and tag them
. Form antigen -antibody ( immune) complexes- Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies: Neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation
. Antibodies( antigen- antibody) complexes do not destroy antigens; they prepare them for destruction by innate defenses. Antibodies go after extracellular pathogens; they do not invade solid tissue unless lesion is present
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Active humoral response-( Naturally acquired) : infection; contact with pathogen. (Artificially acquired)- vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens
Passive humoral response- ( Naturally acquired) - Antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta; or to infant in her milk. ( Artificially acquired)- injection of exogenous antibodies( gamma globulin )
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active humoral immunity- occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
Passive humoral immunity- occurs when ready- made antibodies are introduced into the body . B cells are not challenged by antigens; immunological memory does not occur. Protection ends when antibodies degrade.
Cells involved in the immune system & their functions
T cells- provide defense against intracellular antigens, they are more complex than B cells
. Naive T cells are simply termed CD4 or CD8 cells
. The helper T cells- play a central role in adaptive immune response; activate both humoral and cellular arms. Once primed by APC presentation of antigen, helper T cells.
.CytotoxicT cells - directly attack and kill other cells; they activate T cells circulate in blood and lymph and lymphoid organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize.
. Regulatory T cells- important in preventing autoimmune reactions
. Without TH there is no immune response
Disorders associated with the immune system
. Immunodeficiency- Congenital or acquired conditions that impair functions or production of immune cells or molecules
.Hodgkin’s disease- is an acquired immunodeficiency that causes cancer of B cells, which depresses lymph node cells and thus leads to immunodeficiency
. Human immunodeficiency deficiency syndrome- cripples immune system by interfering with activity of helper T cells
. Rheumatoid arthritis- destroys joints
. Myasthenia gravis- impairs nerve- muscle connections
. Grave’s disease - causes hyperthyroidism
. Type 1 diabetes mellitus- destroys pancreatic cells
. Systemic lupus erythematosus- Affects multiple organs
. Glomerulonephritis- damages kidney
. Meningitis- is an infection and swelling called inflammation, of the fluid and spinal cord
. Pinworm infection- a human parasitic disease caused by pinworm
.Poliovirus ( poliomyelitis)- poliomyelitis is a highly contagious virus that affects the nervous system
. Chicken pox- an itchy rash on the face, scalp and trunk with pink spots and tiny fluid- filled blisters
Cholera- an acute diarrheal disease caused by the virus cholera bacterium, usually spread through contaminated water or food.
Tuberculosis- contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of body
HEMD- Hand, food, and mouth disease ( HEMD) is highly contagious viral infection that spread, through direct contact with saliva
Rubella- disease spread through saliva or mucus
Serious liver infection caused by hepatitis B virus
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Active humoral response-( Naturally acquired) : infection; contact with pathogen. (Artificially acquired)- vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens
Passive humoral response- ( Naturally acquired) - Antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta; or to infant in her milk. ( Artificially acquired)- injection of exogenous antibodies( gamma globulin )
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