Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
1.6 ATP & 1.7 water & 1.8 mineral ions - Coggle Diagram
1.6 ATP & 1.7 water & 1.8 mineral ions
1.6 ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
structure and function
ATP is a nucleotide derivative
3 phosphate groups
Ribose
adenine (nitrogenous base)
the energy currency of the cell
produced during aerobic respiration
for any 1 glucose 38 ATP are produced
hydrolysis of ATP
hydrolysed into ADP and and inorganic phosphate ion
catalysed by an enzyme called ATP hydrolase
exothermic reaction (releases energy)
ATP + H20 --> ADP + Pi
hydrolysis reaction
synthesis of ATP
ADP + Pi --> ATP + H20
condensation reaction
reaction occurs between hydroxyl group and hydrogen molecule of the phosphate ion and ADP molecule
catalysed by ATP synthase
endothermic reaction (uses energy)
uses of ATP
ATP hydrolysis releases energy which can then by used in enegry requiring reactions/processes
inorganic phosphate released during hydrolysis can be used to phosphorylate another compound
anabolic/synthesis/condensation reactions e.g protein synthesis
active transport e.g ion pumping and endo and exocytosis
cell division (mitosis and meosis)
muscle contraction
why is ATP a good energy molecule
small so can diffuse in and out of cells easily
polar- cannot diffuse out of cell
hydrolysed in a single reaction - releases energy quickly
only releases a small amount of energy - less energy wasted as heat (doesn't cause cell to overheat)
phosphorylation
common way of activating proteins/enzymes, makes them functional
makes reactants more reactive by lowering their activation energy, can start a series of metabolic reactions
phosphorylation of proteins
inorganic phosphate ion binds to protein which changes its active site/tertiary structure
could 'activate' and enzyme as it could cause the active site to change shape so that it becomes complementary to a specific substrate and a successful enzyme substrate complex can be formed and reaction catalysed. enzyme becomes functional
1.7 water
water molecules
water molecules are polar
no overall charge but part of the molecule is negatively charged and part is positively charged
hydrogen bonds
intermolecular forces that form between hydrogen molecules and other elements
form between water molecules (cohesion)
can also form between water molecules and other substances (adhesion)
weak compared to ionic or covalent bonds but strong compared to other intermolecular forces
properties of water that make it important for organisms
water is a polar molecule making it an almost universal solvent., any molecule that is charged or polar will dissolve in water. this makes it a good site for metabolic reactions
water is an important metabolite (reactant and product and many metabolic reactions) e.g photosynthesis, respiration, hydrolisis and condensation reactions e.g ATP synthesis
water has a high thermal capacity due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules which means it takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, this is important because it buffers changes of temperature in organisms and it remains in liquid form in most environments on earth
water has a high latent heat of vaporisation due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules which means it takes a lot of energy to evaporate water which is important because it cools plants and animals as it evaporates
water is cohesive due to it containing hydrogen bonds which allows water to be pulled up the xylem tissue in an unbroken column (this also results in surface tension allowing small organisms to live on the surface of water)
water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid which is important for organisms that live in water as when water freezes and ice forms the ice will rise to the surface and float insulating the water underneath and preventing it from freezing
1.8 inorganic ions
iron ions
is in the 4 polypeptide chains that make up haemoglobin and it binds to oxygen
transfer electrons during photosynthesis and respiration so key to the biological generation of energy
sodium ions
required for the transport of glucose and amino acids across cell surface membrane during co-transport, sodium-potassium pump creates concentration gradient of sodium ions which then allows glucose and amino acids to enter at the same time through the process of co-transport
also required for the transmission of nerve impulses
phosphate ions
attaches to other molecules to form phosphate groups which are an essential component of things such as RNA,DNA and ATP
in ATP the bonds between phosphate groups store energy, these bonds are easily broken which releases a large amount of energy
affects water potential
joins nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds in DNA and RNA
phosphorylates other compounds such as enzymes to make them functional or reactants to make them more reactive
calcium ions
essential in the movement of organisms, in synapses calcium ions regulate the transmission of impulses from neuron to neuron
stimulates muscle contraction
helps regulate protein channels which affects the permeability of the membrane
hydrogen ions
concentration of hydrogen ions determines the pH of a solution. The concentration of H+ is therefore very important for enzyme-controlled reactions, which are all affected by pH
