Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Marisol Matias The Immune/lymphatic Systems Period: 5 - Coggle Diagram
Marisol Matias The Immune/lymphatic Systems Period: 5
Major Functions of the lymphatic and Immune systems
Lymphatic:
Immune Support:
Transports WBCs to fight infections
Fluid Balance:
Gathers extra fluid from the tissues and returns it back to the blood
Fat Absorption:
Gets fat from the intestines and takes it to the blood stream
Immune:
Defense:
Destroys & Identifies bacteria, viruses, etc
Immunity:
Created memory cells and prepares the body to fight the infection/virus quicker if it reenters the body again
Patrol:
Clears out the bad cells to keep the body healthy
Location of Lymphatic organs and their Function
Primary Lynphatic organs:
Thymus
: Located behind the sternum, superior to the heart. This is a site where t cells mature
Bone Marrow
: Located in bones. The site where B cells mature
Secondary Lymphoid Organs:
Spleen
Located on the left side of the abdomen. Functions in filtering blood, fights infections, and removes old RBCs
Appendix
: located in the lower right abdomen. Functions in destroying bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall. Generates memory lymphocytes.
Peyer's Patches
: Prevents pathogens from penetrating mucous membrane. Is also a site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation.
Tonsils
: Found in the back of the throat. Prevents germs from entering the mouth.
Lymph Nodes
: Located throughout the body, but especially in the back, armpits, and groin. It cleanses the lymph and is also a site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Purpose & Examples of First, Second, and Thrid line of defense
1st line of defense
: Stops pathogens from entering the body.
Defenses:
skin barrier, mucous membranes
2nd line of defense
: Attacks foreign invaders that succeed in passing the 1st line of defense.
Defenses:
inflammation, fever, phagocytes, natural killer cells
3rd Line of defense:
Creates immunity by attacking and identifying specific pathogens.
Defenses:
B cells, T cells
Innate (Natural) immune defenses and Adaptive (acquired) immune defenses
Adaptive (Aquired)
A
specific
defensive system, that Eliminates pathogens or abnormalities
3rd Line of defense
Characteristics
Specific: Recognizes & targets specific antigens
Systemic: Not restricted to initial site
Memory: Mounts stronger attack to "known" antigens (second & subsequent exposures)
Adaptive Defenses:
Humoral Immunity:
B cells
Cellular Immunity:
T cells
Innate (Natural)
Use the first and/or second lines of defense to stop attacks by pathogens
Innate Defenses:
Surface Barriers
Skin
Mucous Membranes
Internal Defenses:
Phagocytes
NK cells
inflammation
fever
Antimicrobial proteins
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral Immunity (antibody mediated)
Antibodies produced by lymphocytes circulate freely in body fluids
Bind
temporarily to target cell
Contains B cells
Cellular Immunity (cell-mediated)
Lymphocytes
act against
target cell
Directly: By killing infected cells
Indirectly: By releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
Contains T cells
Antigens & Antibodies
Antigens
Foreign substances like viruses, bacteria, toxins, etc.
Targets all of adaptive immune responses
Can be a complete antigen or an incomplete one
Can be self antigen
Antibodies
Y shaped proteins secreted by plasma cells
Bind to specific antigens to mark for destruction or to neutralize them
5 classes
: IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
capable of binding with antigen detected by B cells
Artificial vs Naturally acquired immunity
Naturally Aquired:
Formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection.
Antibodies deliver to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artificially Aquired
Injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
Formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Passive vs. Active Immunity
Active Immunity:
When B cells encounter antigens & produce
specific
antibodies against them.
Passive Immunity:
When
ready-made
antibodies are introduced into the body.
Cells involved in the Immune system and their functions
Cytokines:
Chemical messengers of immune system. mediate cell development, differentiation, and responses in immune system.
Helper T cells:
Central role. Activate both humoral and cellular arms. Help activate B cells and other T cells. Induce T & B cells proliferation. Secrete cytokines that recruit other immune cells
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
: Directly attack & kill other cells. Activated Tc cells circulate in blood & lymph and lymphoid organs in search of body cells displaying antigen
Regulatory T (TReg) cells
: Prevent autoimmune response
Macrophages
: Present antigens to T cells; further activates macrophage. Activated macrophage becomes phagocytic killer; triggers powerful inflammatory response & recruit additional defenses
Dendritic Cells
: Found in CT & Epidermis. Act as mobile sentinels of boundary tissues. Phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, then enter lymphocytes to present antigens to T cells in the lymph node
B lymphocytes
: Do not activate naive T cells. Present antigens to helper T cells to assist their own activation
T lymphocytes
: Type of white blood cell that help the body fight infections.
Disorders associated with the immune system
Poliovirus
: A highly contagious disease that affects the nervous system & causes paralysis.
Causes/risk factors:
Caused by poliovirus, respiratory secretions, affects anyone who has not gotten vaccinated.
Symptoms:
Fatigue, loss of appetite, bone deformation.
Treatment:
No cure found, Hot-moist pack, physical therapy
Meningitis
: An infection or swelling around the brain and spinal cord.
Causes/risk factors:
Bacteria, parasites, cough/sneezing.
Symptoms:
Fever, headache, nausea & vomiting.
Treatment:
Antibiotics, blood tests, lumbar puncture.
Pinworm Infection
: A human parasite disease caused by Pinworm, small white roundworms that infection intestines.
Causes/ risk factors:
Young children, close contact, institutional settings.
Symptoms:
Difficulty sleeping, bacterial skin infection, abdominal pain.
Treatment:
Prescribed medicine, garlic, over-the-counter
HFMD
: Caused by the bacteria haemophilis influenza type b.
Causes/risk factors:
Causes meningitis, causes pneumonia, causes arthritis.
Symptoms:
Ear infection, bronchitis, cellulitis.
Treatment:
Antibiotics, hospitalization, breathing support.
Chicken Pox
: An itchy rash on the face, scalp, and trunk with pink spots.
Causes/risk factors:
Infection of lung, swelling of brain, bloodstream infection.
Symptoms:
Fever, tiredness, headache.
Treatments:
Chicken pox vaccine, aloe vera, calaime lotion
Cholera
: An acute diarrheal disease caused by the vibrio cholerae bacterium.
Causes/risk factors:
Type O blood, poor sanitary options, raw shellfish.
Symptoms:
Watery diarrhea, vomiting, leg cramps.
Treatment:
rehydration therapy, zinc supplements.
Tuberculosis
: Contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs.
Causes/risk factors:
Close contact with infected person, crowded dirty areas.
Symptoms:
Persistant cough, chest pain, coughing up blood.
Treatment:
Isoniazis, rifampin, ethambutal
Rubella
: Spreads through contact with saliva, or mucus, or by respiratory adaptors.
Causes/risk factors:
Pregnant women, unvaccinated people.
Symptoms:
Low grade fever, sore throat, eye irritation.
Treatment:
No specific medicine, rest & hydrate, fever reducers.
Hepatitis B
: A serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus.
Causes/Risk factors:
Exposure to infected bodily fluids, spread through sexual contact.
Symptoms:
Yellow eyes, cancer, scarring.
Treatment:
Avoid alcohol, HBV vaccine, antiviral drugs.
HFMD:
A very contagious hand, foot, and mouth disease.
Causes & Risk factors:
Children under 5, weakend immune system, through direct contact.
Symptoms:
Fever, sore throat, rash on hands, feet, and butlocks.
Treamtns:
Pain relief, Tylenol, ibuprofen