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Mae Stansbury, Period 5, Lymphatic/Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Mae Stansbury, Period 5, Lymphatic/Immune System
Major Functions of Lymphatic/Immune System
Returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to the blood and is made of 3 parts
Network of Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph: fluid in vessels
Lymph nodes: cleanse lymph
Provides structural basis of immune system by housing phagocytic cells and lymphocytes
Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to blood
Lacteals: specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa
Absorb digested fat
Deliver fatty lymph
Right lymphatic duct drains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax
Thoracic duct drains rest of body
Location of Lymphatic Organs and their Functions
Primary lymphoid organs: areas where T and B cells mature
B cells mature in bone marrow
T and B cells originate in bone marrow
T cells mature in thymus
Secondary lymphiod organs: areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated
Nodes, spleen, MALT, and diffuse lymphoid tissue
Lymph Nodes: cleanses lymph and immune system activation; located in cortex and medulla
Spleen: located below stomach and in left side of abdominal cavity; site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response as well as cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets; macrophages remove debris
MALT: muscosa associated lymphoid tissue in mucous membranes; protects from pathogens trying to enter the body, located in respiratory tract, genitourinary organs, and digestive tract; collections of MALT are in tonsils, peyer's patches, and appendix
Tonsils: at posterior end of oral cavity; function in gathering and removing pathogens in food and air
Peyer's Patches: in distal portion of small intestine; functions in destroying bacteria as well as generating memory lymphocytes
Appendix: part of large intestine; functions in destroying bacteria and generating memory lymphocytes
Thymus: in inferior neck, mediastinum, and overlies heart; functions in T cells maturation
Purpose and examples of First, Second, and Third line of defense
First line of defense external body membranes
skin and mucous membranes with secretions
Keratin is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins
Mucosae provides similar mechanical barriers
Skin and mucous membrane produce protective chemicals that destroy microorganisms
Acidity of skin inhibits growth
Enzymes-lyozyme of salica, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms
Second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells inhibit spread of invaders)
necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues
includes phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, and fecer
Have pattern recognition receptors that recognize and bind tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm
Inflammation: has 4 signs (redness, heat, swelling, and pain); prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, alerts adaptive immune system, and sets the stage for repair
Third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances
takes longer to react
Innate (natural) immune defenses and adaptive (acquired) immune defenses
Innate
Nonspecific defense system
constitutes first and second lines of defense
Have specific pathways for certain substances Release proteins that alert calls of adaptive system to foreign molecules
Adaptive
Specific defense system
Is a functional system rather than organ system
Both
Intertwined
Release and recognize many of the same defense molecules
Humoral response and cellular response
Humorfal: when B cell encounters target antigen and it provokes humoral immune response
Active
Naturally: formed in response to actual bacterial viral infection
Artificially: formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Passive
Naturally: antibodies delivered o fetus via placenta or milk
Artificially: injection of serum
Antigens and Antibodies
Antigens: mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response; targets of all adaptive immune responses; can be complete and incomplete; has antigenic determinants, and can be self-antigen
Self Antigens: MHC proteins; located on surface and coded by genses of major histocompatibility complex
Antibodies: immunoglobins, has 5 lg classes (IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE); has 4 chais which are 2 heavy and 2 light identical chains; they don't destroy antigens, they inactivate and tag them
Antibodies use neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complex fixation and activation
Artificially vs Naturally Acquired immunity
Artificiallly: is when it is man made and caused by something done to expose the body to a virus or protectant agent
Naturally is when you catch the virus or get protection through mother
Passive vs. Active Immunity
2 types of active
Naturally: formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infeciton
Artificially: formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
2 types of passive
Natural: antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or milk
Artificially: injection of serum like gamma globulin
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
T Cells (T lymphocytes): manage immune system and mature into 2 types
B Cells (B lymphocytes): produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies
Macrophages: phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
Dendritic Cells: capture antigens and deliver to lymph nodes
Supporting lymphoid cell: reticular cells produce reticular fibers called stroma in lymphoid organs
Phagocytes: white blood cells that ingest and digest foreign invaders
Neutrophils: most abundant, but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
Macrophages
Natural killer cells: attack cells that lack self cell surface receptors; kill by apoptosis and secrete potential chemicals
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Chicken Pox: itchy rash on the skin with pink spots and blisters; caused by infection of lung, swelling of brain, or blood stream infection; symptoms are fever, tiredness, and loss of appetite; treatment is varicella vaccine, calamine lotion, or oatmeal bath
Pinworm infection: parasitic disease caused by pinworm; caused by swallowing pinworm eggs, young children, and close contact; symptoms asymptomatic, itching around anus, difficulty sleeping; treatment is medicine, over the counter meds, and garlic
Cholera: diarrheal disease caused by vibrio cholerae; causes are type O blood, poor sanitary options, and raw shellfish; symptoms are diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps; treatment is rehydration therapy, zinc supplements, and nutritional support
Meningitis: inflammation of meninges; caused by bacteria, parasites, and close contact; symptoms are fever, headache, and stiff neck; treatment is men B vaccine, Mar R vaccine, and Hiib Mn C vaccine
HFMD: hand, foot, and mouth disease; caused by under age 5, weak immune system, public areas; symptoms are fever, sore throat, and mouth sores; treatment is pain relief, hydration, and tylenol
Polio virus: affects nervous system and causes paralysis; caused by poliovrus, fecal-oral contact, close contact; symptoms are fatigue, headache, and boru deformation; treatment is pain relievers, hot-moist packs, and physical therapy
Tuberculosis: affects lungs, brain, kidney, and spine; caused by close contact, unsanitary conditions, and weak immune system; symptoms are persistant cough, coughing up blood, and chest pain; treatment is BCG, rifampin, and ethambutol
Rubella: respiratory disease; caused by person to person, pregnancy, and unvaccinated people; symptoms are low grade fever, sore throat, and spreader rash; treatment is no specific medicine, fever reducers, and rest on hydration
Hepatitis B; infection caused by hepatitis B virus; caused by exposure to bodily fluid, sexual contact, and unclean blood products; symptoms are yellowing of eyes, abdominal pain, and dark urine; treatment is sometimes goes away on own, antiural drug, and avoiding alcohol
Hemophilus Influenza Type B: caused by Hib virus; caused by age, vaccination status, medical status; symptoms are pain, wheezing, and stiff neck; treatment is antibiotics, hospitalization, and breathing support