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War and Revolution - Coggle Diagram
War and Revolution
Crimean War
1953-56
- lost because of transport issued, bad military, conscription caused no motivation
- showed Russia as a failure
- Nic I felt he had to stand up to western powers
- led to a range of reforms including emancipation, local government, military (conscription reduced from 25 to 15 years), improvements with education
- these were designed to strengthen autocracy
- emancipation had an impact on society, nationalities and the economy
- the emancipation conditions were different in Poland which reflects how the nationalities were treated differently to the rest of Russia
- emancipation failed to help the economy as serfs were still tied to the land so they couldn’t travel and help industrialisation
Russo-Japanese
War 1904-5
- distarious conflict for Russia (had to withdrew from Port Arthur and Manchuria) do Nic II decided to negotiate for peace rather than continue fighting
- this created further doubts of the Tsarist system
Econmic, social and political changes
- more significant changes than after the Crimean War
- combined with the impact of the 1905 revolution which showed that teh growth of the urban working population posed as an internal threat with the introduction of the October Manifesto, Dumas and National Assembly
- by 1905 Poland and Finland were pushing for independence, to stop this they were represented in the Duma
WW1
- this was the first industrial war (total war) which was a problem for Russia as they were typically military weak
- it also highlighted problems with autocracy with the tsarina left in charge and Nic II as Commander in Chief
- created opportunists for revolutionary groups to emerge and led to February revolution 1917
- the PG was also destroyed by war as it prevented them from introducing meaningful reforms
- Treaty of Brest Litovsk signed by the Bolsheviks withdrew them from the war
Social- led to protests, bad living conditions, conscription policy
Political- ends Tsarism and PG
Nationalities- treaty of Brest Litosk
Economy- War Communism
Cold War
1947-64
- Russia through the worst were trying to spread capitalism (June 1947Marshall Plan provided economic recovery for Europe which Russia rejects, June 1948West introduced new currencies for the area of Berlin which was under their control)
- Warsaw Pact 1955
- August 1961 construction of the Berlin Wall began
- May 1962 American spy plane
- September 1962- January 1963 Cuban Missile Crisis
Social- Glasnost
Political- destalinisation (secret speech, decreased censorship)
Nationalities- Hungarian uprising
Civil War
1917-21
- determined what type of regime the SU would be (one party with use of the Cheka for coercion)
- peasants were conscripted into the red army during 1918 to supplement for industrial workers
- imperial army officers families taken hostage to ensure loyalty
- 2 million refugees left Russia and more than 300,000 killed in fighting
- after the war industrial production was only 1/7 of what it was in 1913
- social- had to deal with famine, Red Terror, bad living conditions
- saw the start of Russia trying to gain other nationalities back
WW2
- only war Russian won so created little change
- victory led to expansion into Eastern Europe and emergence of SU as super-power
- command economy with central planning continued (Five year plans)
- emphasis on building military strength continued and developing nuclear weapons
- 1936 constitutions remained
- resulted in 27 million deaths (2/3 of the population)
- Stalin remained in control (as there was no anger for loosing) and as the Supreme Commander of the Military
- Party membership increased to 5.8 million in 1948
- Russians influenced was recognised internationally (Poland surrendered most of Ukraine)
1917 Rev
Impact
- Government- Overthrew the Tsar and the PG (leading to the development of a dictatorship of the proletariat
- Economy- the PG became more capitalist, Lenin developed war communism and the NEP, totalitarism led to centralised planning
- society- dictatorship of the proletariat, more control over society
1905 Rev
Impact
- nationalities- creation of teh Dumas were they are more represented to stop countries pressing for independence
- government- October manifesto and Fundamental Laws
- Society- Bloody Sunday
- Economy- mass strikes caused industry to decline